Middle layer of skin, consists of collagenous connective tissue, holds other components together, cushions body, contains: sensory nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands

Top layer of skin, consists of: stratum corneum (top keratinized skin cells to prevent dessication), stratum lucidum (usually where exposed to lot abrasion), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale (constant cell production migrates up)

Bottom layer of skin, contains: adipocytes (energy reserve, thermoregulation/ insulation)

oil, associated with hair follicles to keep moist and waterproof

Eccrine: not associated with hair, function at birth, produce thin sweat for evaporative cooling, most common on palms and soles, Apocrine: near hair follicles, begin at puberty, create viscous sweat,

modified sweat or sebaceous glands, produce scents may be pheromonal, not all pheromones from scent glands

specialized epidermal, # and location vary through different species

Angora: continuous growth, long may be shed Definitive: grows to certain length and stops, shed and replaced

Hair functional type: Vibrissae

: long, stiff, enervation at base, all mammals but humans, definitive

Hair functional type: Guard hair

outer layer hair/fur, spines (large & stiff for protection, definitive), bristles (firm, angora, manes lions and horse), awns (most common, definitive)

Hair functional type: Underhair

Wool: angora, thick, soft, curly, Fur: short, soft, hairs close together, definitive, Velli: short, fine, velvety, gone after birth for many, gone as mature

Medulla: center of hair, sometimes hollow, solid, alternating, Cortex: thickest layer, outside medulla, inside cuticle, Cuticle: outer layer, scale-like pattern, can be ID character

2 types melanin pigment: Pheomelanin (shades red & yellow), Eumelanin (shades black & brown), Albinism: no pigment from genetic mutation, Melanism: all black from genetic mutation, pigments secreted at base of hair as develop

Agouti: different bands of color from base to tip, Countershading: top and bottom animal different colors (most common in (semi)arboreal), Cryptic coloration: match habitat, Disruptive coloration: spots/ stripes break up outline of animal, warning colors

Periodic replacement of definitive growth, Post-juvenile (once), annual (once/year), seasonal (commonly 2X/year often with color change), generally done over weeks

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Mammalian Integument

characteristics of modern mammalian integument

term	characterisitics
Dermis	Middle layer of skin, consists of collagenous connective tissue, holds other components together, cushions body, contains: sensory nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
Epidermis	Top layer of skin, consists of: stratum corneum (top keratinized skin cells to prevent dessication), stratum lucidum (usually where exposed to lot abrasion), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale (constant cell production migrates up)
Hypodermis	Bottom layer of skin, contains: adipocytes (energy reserve, thermoregulation/ insulation)
Sebaceous glands	oil, associated with hair follicles to keep moist and waterproof
sweat glands	Eccrine: not associated with hair, function at birth, produce thin sweat for evaporative cooling, most common on palms and soles, Apocrine: near hair follicles, begin at puberty, create viscous sweat,
scent glands	modified sweat or sebaceous glands, produce scents may be pheromonal, not all pheromones from scent glands
Mammary glands	specialized epidermal, # and location vary through different species
Hair growth types	Angora: continuous growth, long may be shed Definitive: grows to certain length and stops, shed and replaced
Hair functional type: Vibrissae	: long, stiff, enervation at base, all mammals but humans, definitive
Hair functional type: Guard hair	outer layer hair/fur, spines (large & stiff for protection, definitive), bristles (firm, angora, manes lions and horse), awns (most common, definitive)
Hair functional type: Underhair	Wool: angora, thick, soft, curly, Fur: short, soft, hairs close together, definitive, Velli: short, fine, velvety, gone after birth for many, gone as mature
Hair anatomy	Medulla: center of hair, sometimes hollow, solid, alternating, Cortex: thickest layer, outside medulla, inside cuticle, Cuticle: outer layer, scale-like pattern, can be ID character
Hair color	2 types melanin pigment: Pheomelanin (shades red & yellow), Eumelanin (shades black & brown), Albinism: no pigment from genetic mutation, Melanism: all black from genetic mutation, pigments secreted at base of hair as develop
Hair color patterns	Agouti: different bands of color from base to tip, Countershading: top and bottom animal different colors (most common in (semi)arboreal), Cryptic coloration: match habitat, Disruptive coloration: spots/ stripes break up outline of animal, warning colors
Molt	Periodic replacement of definitive growth, Post-juvenile (once), annual (once/year), seasonal (commonly 2X/year often with color change), generally done over weeks

Created by: jebeard

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