All vocabulary words Apologia Biology module #8
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| True breeding | If an organism has a certain characteristic that is always passed on to its offspring, we say that this organism has bred true with regard to that charcteristic
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| Mendel's principle #1 | The traits of an organism are determined by its genes.
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| Mendel's principle #2 | Each organism has two alleles that make up the genotype for a given trait.
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| Mendel's principle #3 | In sexual reproduction, each parent contributes ONLY ONE of its alleles to its offspring.
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| Mendel's principle #4 | In each genotype, there is a dominant allele. If it exists in an organism, the phenotype is determined by that allele.
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| Allele | One of a pair of genes that occupies the same position on homologous chromosomes
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| Genotype | Two-letter set that represents the alleles an organism possesses for a certain trait
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| Phenotype | The observable expression of an organism's genes
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| Homozygous genotype | A genotype in which both alleles are identical
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| Heterozygous genotype | A genotype with two different alleles
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| Dominant allele | An allele that will determine the phenotype if just one is present in the genotype
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| Recessive allele | An allele that will not determine phenotype unless the genotype is homozygous in that allele
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| Pedigree | A diagram that follows a particular phenotype through several generations
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| Monohybrid cross | A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait
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| Dihybrid cross | A cross between two individuals, concentrating on two definable traits
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| Autosomes | Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual
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| Sex chromosomes | Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual
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| Antigen | A protein that, when injected in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody
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| Autosomal inheritance | Inheritance of a genetic trait not on a sex chromosome
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| Genetic disease carrier | A person who is heterozygous in a recessive genetic disorder
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| Sex-linked inheritance | Inheritance of a genetic trait located on the sex chromosome
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| Mutation | A radical chemical change in one or more alleles
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| Change in chromosome structure | A situation in which a chromosome loses or gains genes during meiosis
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| Change in chromosome number | A situation in which abnormal cellular event in meiosis lead to either none of a particular chromosome in the gamete or more than one chromosome in the gamete
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