5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 vocab
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| cell cycle | pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division that occurs in a eukaryotic cell.
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| mitosis | process by which a cell divides its nucleus and contents.
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| cytokinesis | process by which the cell cytoplasm divides.
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| chromosome | long, continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes and regulatory information.
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| histone | protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps.
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| chromatin | loose combination of DNA and that is present during interphase.
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| chromatid | one half of a duplicated chromosome.
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| centromere | region of condensed chromosome that looks pinched; where spindle fibers attach during meiosis and mitosis.
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| somatic cell | cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs except gametes.
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| gamete | sex cell; an egg or a sperm cell.
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| homologous chromosome | chromosomes that have the same length, appearance.
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| autosome | chromosome that contains genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of the organism.
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| sex chromosome | chromosome that directly controls the development of sexual characteristics.
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| sexual reproduction | process by which two gametes fuse and offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents are produced.
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| fertilization | fusion of an egg and sperm cell.
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| diploid | cell that has two copies of each chromosome, one from an egg and one from a sperm.
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| haploid | cell that has only one copy of each chromosome.
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| meiosis | form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells; important in forming gametes for sexual reproduction.
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| gametogenesis | process by which gametes are produced through the combination of meiosis and other maturational changes.
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| sperm | male gamete.
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| egg | female gamete.
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| polar body | haploid cell produced during meiosis in the female of many species; these cells have little more than DNA and eventually disintegrate.
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| bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria.
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| nucleotide | monomer that forms DNA and has a phosphate group, sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.
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| double helix | model that compares the structure of a DNA molecule, in which two strands wind around one another, to that of a twisted ladder.
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| base pairing rules | rule that describes how nucleotides form bonds in DNA; adenine (A) always bonds with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always bonds with cytosine (C).
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| replication | process by which DNA is copied.
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| DNA polymerase | enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication.
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