Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Chromosomes
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| Cell cycle | the regular pattern of growth
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| Mitosis | the division of the cell nucleus and its contents
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| Cytokinesis | the process that divides the cell cytoplasm
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| Chromosome | one long continuos thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes along with regulatory information
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| Histones | a group of proteins associated with each of your chromosomes
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| Chromatin | loose combination of DNA and proteins
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| Chromatid | half of a duplicated chromosome
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| Centromere | hold together sister chromatids
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| Telomeres | structures formed from the ends of DNA molecules
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| Somatic Cells (A.K.A. Body Cells) | make up most of your body tissue and organs
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| Gametes | sex cells - ova, or eggs, in the female and spermatozoa, or sperm, in the male
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| Homologous Chromosomes | two chromosomes that have the same length and general appearance
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| Autosomes | chromosome pairs 1 - 22
chromosomes that contain genes for characteristics but not directly related to the sex or all organisms
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| Sex Chromosomes | directly control the development of sexual characteristics
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| Sexual Reproduction | involves the fusion of two gametes that results in off-spring that are a genetic mixture of both parents
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| Fertilization | the fusion of an egg and sperm cell
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| Diploid | cells have two copies of each chromosome
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| Haploid | cells have one copy of each chromosome
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| Meiosis | a form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells
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| Gametogenesis | the production of gametes
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| Sperm | male gamete
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| Egg | female gamete
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| Polar Bodies | cells with little more than DNA that are eventually broken down
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| Traits | distinguishing characteristics that are inherited
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| Genetics | study of biological inheritance patterns and variation in organisms
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| Purebred | genetically uniform
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| Cross | mating of two organisms
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| Law of Segregation | Mendel's First Law
Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent.
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| Bacteriophage | takes over a bacterium's genetic machinery and directs it to make more viruses
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| Nucleotides | monomers that make up DNA
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| Double Helix | model in which two strands of DNA wind around each other like a twisted ladder
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| Base Pairing Rules | thymine always pairs with adenine and cytosine always pairs with guanine
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| Replication | the process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle
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| DNA Polymerase | group of enzymes that bond the new nucleotides together
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