vocab
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| Photosynthesis | the process by which plants, alage, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen.
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| cellular respiration | the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates.
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| ATP | adenine patriarchate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups.
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| ATP Synthase | an enzyme that catalyzes the syntheses of ATP
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| Electron Transport Chain | a series of molecules, found in the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplast, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane.
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| Thylaktoid | a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis.
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| pigment | a substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color.
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| Chlorophyll | a green pigment that is present in most plants and algae cells and come bacteria. that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis.
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| Calvin Cycle | a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH
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| glycolysis | the anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP
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| anaerobic | describes a process that does not require oxygen
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| aerobic | describes a process that requires oxygen
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| kreb cycle | a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvates into carbon dioxide and water
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| fermentation | the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeast, or mold in the absence of oxygen
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| Charter | a recognizable inherited feature or characteristic of an organism
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| trait | one of two or more possible forms of a character. a recognizable feature or characteristic of an organism
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| hybrid | the offspring of a cross between parents that have contracting traits.
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| generation | the entire group of offspring produced by a given group of parents
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| allele | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene, each leading to a unique trait.
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| domainant | describes an allele that is fully expressed whenever the allele is present in an individual
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| recessive | describes an allele that is expressed only when there is no dominant allele present in an individual
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| genotype | a specific combination of allele in an individual
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| phenotype | the detectable trait or traits results from two genotype of an individual
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| homozygous | describes an individual that carries two identical alleles of a gene
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| heterozygous | describes an individual that carries two different alleles of a gene
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| punnet square | a graphic used top predict the results of a genetic cross
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| probability | the likelihood that a specific event will occur; expressed in mathmatical terms
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| pedigree | a digram that shows the occurrence of agentic triat in several generations of a family
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| genetic disorder | an inherited disease or disorder that is caused by a mutation in a gene or by a chromosomal defects
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| polygenic character | a character that is influenced by more than one gene
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| codominance | a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed.
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| linked | in genetics, describes two or more genes that tend to be inherited together.
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| gene | a segment of DNA that is located in a chromosome and that codes for a specific hereditary trait.
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics
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| nucleotide | in a nucleic acid chain, a sub unit that consist of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
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| purine | a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure, adenine or guanine.
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| pyrimidine | a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; in DNA, either thymine or cytosine.
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| DNA replication | the process of making a copy of DNA
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| DNA Helicase | an enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication
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| DNA polymerase | an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule
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| RNA | ribonuclic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein structure.
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| gene expression | the manifestation of the genetic material of an organism in the form of specific traits.
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| transcription | the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template
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| translation | the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codon in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains.
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| codon | in DNA and mRNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal.
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| mutation | a change in the structure or amount of the genetic material of an organism.
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| nondisjunction | a failure of homologous chromosomes to sperate during meiosis 1 or the failure of sister chromatids to seperate during mitosis or meiosis 2
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| polyploidy | an abnormal condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes
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| operon | a unit of adjacent genes that consist of funtionally related structural genes and their associated regulatory genes
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| transcription factor | an enzyme that is needed to begin and/or continue genetic transcription
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| intron | a nucleotide sequence that is part of a gene and that is transcribed from DNA into mRNA but not trasnlated into amino acids
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| exon | on of several nonadjacent nucleotides sequences that are part of one gene and that are transcribed, joined together, and then translated.
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| domain | in proteins, a functional unit that has a distinctive pattern of structural folding
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| genome | the complete genetic material contained in an individual or species
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| plasmid | genetic structure that can replicate independently of the main chromosome
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| transposon | a genetic sequence that is randomly moved in a functional unit to a new place in a genome
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| cell differentiation | the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function during multicellular development
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| apopotosis | in multicellualr organism a genetically controlled process that leads to the death of a cell, programmed cell death
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| cuticle | a waxy or fatty and watertight layer on the external wall of epidermal cells
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| spore | a reproductive cell or multicellular structure that is resistant to environmental conditions
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| sporophyte | in plants and algae that have alternation of generations, the diploid individual or generation that produces haploid spores.
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| gametophyte | in alternation of generation the phase in which gametes are formed; a haploid individual that produces gametes.
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| archegonium | a female reproductive structure that produces a single egg in which fertilization and development takes place.
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| antheridium | a reproductive structure that produces male sex cells in seedless plants
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| spornagium | a specialized sac, case, capsule, or other structures that produce spores.
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| rhizome | a horizontal undergorund stem that provided a mechanism for sexual reproduction.
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| frond | a leaf of a fern or palm
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| sorus | a cluster of sporangium
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