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December exam review

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Term
Definition
show The study of behaviour and mental processes (in humans and animals)  
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show descriptive and experimental  
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show systematic observation= Field (naturalistic) observation, surveys, and "clinical" methods [**cannot explain anything, only describe]  
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Clinical Methods   show
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show subjective and objective  
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Experimental drawbacks   show
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Experimental Method   show
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show age, motivation, intellectual, education, sex  
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7 types of senses   show
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show define it in terms of the operations necessary to measure it  
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demand characteristics   show
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show gave an example of how women who were and weren't given liquor and how the non-liquor drinkers got very drunk and the opposite didn't  
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placebo effect   show
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show group with the least done to it  
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stimulant   show
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show doesn't have the "thing"  
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replication   show
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variables   show
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show changes are independent of what the subject does  
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dependent variable   show
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perceptual organization   show
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gestalts   show
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show principle of contour, principle of grouping, principle of closure, and principle of apparent movement  
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illusions   show
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show 25%  
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Stage 2 sleep   show
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stage 3 sleep   show
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stage 4 sleep   show
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show "paradoxical sleep" b/c you seem to be awake physiologically, when behaviourally you seem more asleep physiologically, hard to awaken people in this stage, a new section of REM sleep every 90 mins, happens after non-rem sleep, loss of muscle tone  
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show the part of the brain responsible for the loss of muscle tone while sleeping  
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show 1)Lobbson- objectively are randomly made but as humans we cannot accept this so we create a meaning 2)dreams as thinking (connected to current concerns in ones life) 3)dreams as efforts to deal with problems 4)Freud- unconcious wishes  
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show dreams of absent minded transgression (ex. alcoholic who quit cold turkey may experience a dream about having a drink)  
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show represent desires free from the interference of the reality of the waking state  
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show deprived of the opportunity to sleep so when they get the chance they do/catch up if given as much time as they want (up to 40% more time in REM sleep)  
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nightmare   show
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night terror   show
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show psychophysical & signal detection  
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Psychophysical Method   show
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psychophysics   show
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absolute threshold   show
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show the smallest difference in stimulation that can be reliably detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared (JND-just noticeable difference)  
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show for every stimulus intensity, there is some constant % that must be added or subtracted for a difference in intensity to be detected  
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signal detection   show
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show the accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce (what makes our world perceptually stable)  
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learning   show
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association   show
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Classical conditioning   show
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show phobias  
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stimulus generalization   show
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show present with the original stimulus and are nothing like the stimulus but an association is created (ex. Skinner: drinking wine to open envelopes -> then drinking wine and seeing husband)  
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extinction   show
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spontaneous recovery   show
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show a series of small incremental steps where a positive stimulation is paired lightly with the feared and over time the feared becomes positive or associated with positive  
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Operant (instrumental) conditioning   show
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operant responses are..   show
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show If you do something and you like the result you'll do it again. If you do something and you don't like the result you probably won't do it again  
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show decrease behaviour  
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positive reinforcement   show
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positive AND negative punishment both lead to..   show
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negative reinforcement   show
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show a manipulandom- something the animal can tap or push to receive the reinforcement, which also had an electric grid floor to shock for misbehaving  
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show continuous & partial (intermittent)  
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Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedules are..   show
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show fixed ratio and variable ratio  
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show fixed interval and variable interval  
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show occurs after a fixed number of behaviours (there is a post-reinforcement pause)  
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show occurs on average after "x" number of responses occur (there is no post-reinforcement pause)  
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show the process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows & must occur in a timely fashion or association may not be made  
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show antrograde & retrograde  
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antrograde   show
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show psychogenic & repression  
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repression   show
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show some memories simply diaper over time if they are not used (cannot say this for all memories)  
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distortion   show
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Two types of transfers..   show
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retroactive interference   show
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Proactive interference (negative transfer)   show
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stimulus discrimination   show
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show an decreased probability of responding  
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show the partial or complete loss of memory for important personal information  
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