Bio Sem1 Vocab
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| cuticle (23) | a waxy or fatty and watertight layer on the external wall of epidermal cells
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| spore (23) | a reproductive cell or multicellular structure that is resistant to environmental conditions
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| sporophyte (23) | in plants and algae that have alternation of generations, the diploid individual or generation the produces haploid spores
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| gametophyte (23) | in alternation of generations, the phase in which gametes are formed; a haploid individual that produces gametes
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| archegonium (23) | a female reproductive structure that produces a single egg and in which fertilization and development take place
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| antheridium (23) | a reproductive structure that produces male sex cells in seedless plants
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| sporangium (23) | a specialized sac, case, capsule, or other structure that produces spores
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| rhizome (23) | a horizontal, underground stem that provides a mechanism for asexual reproduction
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| frond (23) | the leaf of a fern or palm
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| sorus (23) | a cluster of sporangia
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| gymnosperm (23) | a vascular seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed by a fruit
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| angiosperm (23) | a flowering plant that produces seeds within a fruit
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| ovule (23) | a structure of seed plant that contains a female gametophyte and that develops into a seed after fertilization
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| seed (23) | a plant embryo that is enclosed in a protective coat
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| pollen grain (23) | the structure that contains the male gametophyte of seed plants
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| pollination (23) | the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures (anthers) to the tip of a female reproductive structure (pistil) of a flower in angiosperms or to the ovule in gymnosperms
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| monocot (23) | an angiosperm that produces seeds that have only one cotyledon
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| cotyledon (23) | the embryonic leaf of a seed
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| dicot (23) | an angiosperm that produces seeds that have two cotyledons
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| stamen (23) | the male reproductive structure of a flower that produces pollen and consists of an anther at the tip of a filament
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| anther (23) | the tip of a stamen, which contains the pollen sacs where pollen grains form
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| pistil (23) | the female reproductive part of a flower that produces seeds and consists of an ovary, style, and stigma
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| fruit (23) | a mature plant ovary; the plant organ in which the seeds are enclosed
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| dermal tissue (24) | the outer covering of a plant
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| vascular tissue (24) | the specialized conducting tissue that is found in higher plants and that is made up mostly of xylem and phloem
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| ground tissue (24) | a type of plant tissue other than vascular tissue that makes up much of the inside of a plant
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| stoma (24) | opening in a leaf or a stem of a plant that enables gas exchange to occur
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| guard cell (24) | one of a pair of specialized cells that border a stoma and regulate gas exchange
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| xylem (24) | the type of tissue in vascular plants that provides support and conducts water and nutrients from the roots
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| phloem (24) | the tissue that carries organic and inorganic nutrients in any direction, depending on the plant's needs
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| vascular bundle (24) | a strand of conducting tissue that contains both xylem and phloem
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| pith (24) | the tissue that is located in the center of the stem of most vascular plants and that is used for storage
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| heartwood (24) | the nonconducting older wood in the center of a tree trunk
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| sapwood (24) | the tissue of the secondary xylem that is distributed around the outside of a tree trunk and is active in transporting sap
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| blade (24) | the broad, flat portion of a typical leaf
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| petiole (24) | the stalk that attaches a leaf to the stem of a plant
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| mesophyll (24) | in leaves, the tissue between epidermal layers, where photosynthesis occurs
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| germination (24) | the beginning of growth or development in a seed, spore, or zygote, especially after a period of inactivity
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| meristem (24) | a region of undifferentiated plant cells that are capable of dividing and developing into specialized plant tissues
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| primary growth (24) | the growth that occurs as a result of cell division at the tips of stems and roots and that gives rise to primary tissue
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| secondary growth (24) | growth that results from cell division in the cambia, or lateral meristems, and that causes the stems and roots to thicken
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| apical meristem (24) | the growing region at the tips of stems and roots in plants
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| lateral meristem (24) | dividing tissue that runs parallel to the long axis of a stem or a root
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| transpiration (25) | the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through stomata
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| tropism (25) | the movement of all or part of an organism in response to an external stimulus
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| phototropism (25) | a plant growth movement that occurs in response to the direction of a source of light
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| thigmotropism (25) | a response of an organism or part of an organism to touch, such as the coiling of a vine around an object
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| gravitropism (25) | the growth of a plant in a particular direction in response to gravity
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| photoperiodism (25) | the response of plants to seasonal changes in the relative length of nights and days
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| dormancy (25) | a state in which seeds, spores, bulbs, and other reproductive organs stop growth and development and reduce their metabolism, especially respiration
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| nastice movement (25) | a type of plant response that is independent to the direction of a stimulus
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| photosynthesis (9) | the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen
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| cellular respiration (9) | the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates
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| ATP (9) | adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups
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| ATP synthase (9) | an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP
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| electron transport chain (9) | a series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane.
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| thylakoid (9) | a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis
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| pigment (9) | a substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color
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| chlorophyll (9) | a green pigment that is present in most plant and algae cells and some bacteria, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis
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| Calvin cylce (9) | a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH
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| glycolysis (9) | the anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP
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| anaerobic (9) | describes a process that does not require oxygen
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| aerobic (9) | describes a process that requires oxygen
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| Krebs Cycle (9) | a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water
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| fermentation (9) | the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen
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| character (12) | a recognizable inherited feature or characteristic of an organism
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| trait (12) | one of two or more possible forms of a character; a recognizable feature or characteristic of an organism
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| hybrid (12) | the offspring of a cross between parents that have contrasting traits
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| generation (12) | the entire group of offspring produced by a given group of parents
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| allele (12) | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene, each leading to a unique trait
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| dominant (12) | describes an allele that is fully expressed whenever the allele is present in an individual
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| recessive (12) | describes an allele that is expressed only when there is no dominant allele present in an individual
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| genotype (12) | a specific combination of alleles in an individual
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| phenotype (12) | the detectable trait or traits that result from the genotype of an individual
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| homozygous (12) | describes an individual that carries two identical alleles of a gene
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| heterozygous (12) | describes an individual that carries two different alleles of a gene
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| Punnett square (12) | a graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross
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| probability (12) | the likelihood that a specific event will occur; expressed in mathematical terms
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| pedigree (12) | a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family
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| genetic disorder (12) | an inherited disease or disorder that is caused by a mutation in a gene or by a chromosomal defect
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| polygenic character (12) | a character that is influenced by more than one gene
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| codominance (12) | a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
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| linked (12) | in genetics, describes two or more genes that tend to be inherited together
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| gene (13) | a segment of DNA that is located in a chromosome and that codes for a specific hereditary trait
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| DNA (13) | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics
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| nucleotide (13) | in a nucleic acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
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| purine (13) | a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; adenine or guanine
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| pyrimidine (13) | a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; in DNA, either thymine or cytosine
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| DNA replication (13) | the process of making a copy of DNA
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| DNA helicase (13) | an enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication
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| DNA polymerase (13) | an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule
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| RNA (13) | ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
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| gene expression (13) | the manifestation of the genetic material of an organism in the form of specific traits
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| transcription (13) | the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template
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| translation (13) | the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains
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| codon (13) | in DNA and mRNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal
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| mutation (14) | a change in the structure or amount of the genetic material of an organism
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| nondisjunction (14) | a failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis II
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| polyploidy (14) | an abnormal condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes
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| operon (14) | a unit of adjacent genes that consists of functionally related structural genes and their associated regulatory genes
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| transcription factor (14) | an enzyme that is needed to begin and/or continue genetic transcription
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| intron (14) | a nucleotide sequence that is part of a gene and that is transcribed from DNA into mRNA but not translated into amino acids
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| exon (14) | one of several nonadjacent nucleotide sequences that are part of one gene and that are transcribed, joined together, and then translated
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| domain (14) | in proteins, a functional unit that has a distinctive pattern of structural folding.
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| genome (14) | the complete genetic material contained in an individual or species
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| plasmid (14) | a genetic structure that can replicate independently of the main chromosome(s) of a cell
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| transposon (14) | a genetic sequence that is randomly moved, in a functional unit, to new places in a genome
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| cell differentiation (14) | the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function during multicellular development
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| apoptosis (14) | in mutlicellular organisms, a genetically controlled process that leads to the death of a cell; programmed cell death
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