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Help!
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| WOT is an ANIMAL? | -multicellular
• no cell walls
-heterotrophs – obtain carbon from other organisms
-embryos show gastrula stage
• blastula to gastrula
• its complex looking
-collagen – a fiberlike protein (in tendons, collagen)
-motile
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| WOW SUCH DIVERSITY HOW EXPLAIN? | • Selection pressure (predation, environmental)
• Niches → niches
• Cellular (mutation, etc)
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| What's in your developmental tool kit, kid? | tissue layers, bilateral symmetry, central nervous system, coelom
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| Tissue, glorious tissue. diploblasts vs triploblasts | • both have ectoderm – skin & nervous system
• both have endoderm – lining of digestive tract
• both have digestive cavity
• only triploblast has mesoderm – circulatory system, muscle, organs, bones
o only diploblast has non-living....jelly layer
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| Radial vs bilateral symmetry | • bilateral is rotifer down to chordates
o bilateral has 1 plane of symmetry like humans & crabs
o has anterior & posterior end
o also dorsal & ventral side
• radial is that everything is arranged around a central point
o like a jellyfish
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| Advantages to bilateral symmetry? | Distinct head and tail
• Helps move in directed ways through the environment
Find prey
Seek shelter
• specialization of sensation organs at front end for guidance
• specialization of structures on sides
movement
sensing the environment
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| LEARN A SHITTY CHART |
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| How about that central nervous system, doe? | • radial symmetry
o senses all around
o diffusive nervous net
• bilateral symmetry
o directional sensation
o clustered nervous system
o focus on sensation in head (cephalization)
o bilateral organisms don’t have nerve net
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| coelom – tube within a tube | o Acoelomates - flatworms
• no cavity outside digestive tract
o Pseudocoelomates - nonsegmented worms
• body cavity doesn’t completely surround the internal organs
o Coelomates - segmented worms
• body cavity completely surrounds internal organs
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| Why do we like a coelom? | o hydrostatic skeleton Contraction of muscles against H2O pressure in cavity = movement in a direction
o protection of organs. Fluid filled cavity cushions against hard blows and body twists
o expansion of organs (digestive tract, enhancing function)
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| What's a hydrostatic skeleton like...or something? | squeezing a water balloon?
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| What's in ya GENETIC tool kit? | hox genes – group of similar genetic codes. that's it.
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| Hox genes p1 | • group of related genes that control body plan of an embryo along the anterior posterior axis
• they specify identity of body segments
• are homologous
• more hox genes, more diverse animals
• just bilateral animals
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| Hox genes p2 | small variation in location and timing of expression of hox genes gives tremendous variation in body plans
• add segmentation and this allows for very specialized functions along the anterior-posterior body axis
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| Diversification of life habits | -features promoting functional diversity
• sensory organs
o light sound touch smell taste electromagnetic fields
• types of feeders
o suspension fluid
• movement limbs
o lobe like, jointed, tube feet, tentacles
• reproduction (in sharks, KNOW)
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| Shark babymaking | o viviparous
• nourish embryos internally/birth live young
• umbilical
o oviparous
• deposit fertilized eggs, embryos nourished by yolk
o oviviparious
• retain eggs internally/birth live young
• no umbilical
• intrauterine cannibalism
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| Why we like plants part 1 | -fuels & energy
• fossil fuels (coal)
• wood burning
• artificial photosynthesis to create energy
-food
• duh
• 12,000 ya domestication
-secondary compounds
• pharmaceuticals
• rubber, solvents, oils, glue, dyes, waxes, insecticides, fragrance,
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| Why we like plants part 2 | taste
-quality of life
• gardening #1 hobby in US
• importance of wild places to mental health
-oxygen production
• byproduct of photosynthesis
-carbon sink
-holds soils & slows runoff
-primary producers
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| know main synapomorphies of SHITTY PLANT TREE | OG red algae vs green algae: chloroplasts
Green algae vs nonvascular plants: ability to live on land
Nonvascular plants vs seedless plants: vascular tissue
Seedless plants vs gymno/angiosperms: seeds
Gymno vs. angio: seeds protected within ovary
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| origin of chloroplasts | • came from cyanobacteria?
o Very similar internal membrane structure (physical)
o If you put it in a phylogenetic tree, it makes sense
o Microscope data supports (molecular)
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| ability to live on land | • aquatic, then evolved for land
• cuticle – waxy stuff that limits water loss
• stomata – Closed at night because obviously not photosynthesis. Guard cells will open when they’re full of water, close when they’re dry. gas exchange & water management
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| vascular tissue | • simple water conducting cells (cellulose), vascular tissue (rigidity), tracheids (conductivity between cell walls), vessel elements (allowed water to go up)
• water & nutrient transportation (against atmospheric pressure)
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| lignin | like a plant skeleton. Polymer of sugars & alcohols. Allowed plants to get higher. When they got gaps, the water could go up
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| Seed types | • angiosperms
o have seeds inside ovary (deciduous)
• gymnosperms
o have seeds not in ovary
• dicots are paraphyletic. Don’t really fit into unicots
• magnolias are neither monocots or eudicots, but are definitely angiosperms
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| Seed facts | o includes an embryo and nutrients encapsulated into a tough coat
o dormancy ensures that seeds do not germinate until conditions are favorable
o effective way to disperse the next generation
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| nutrient transport in plants | most sugar stored in roots. phloem transport sugars from leaves to roots. Water is transported in the xylem.
Then transport & intake of nutrients in roots. Enhanced through carbohydrates. Sugars can jump to plants in the surrounding area
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| Key features of angiosperm | -flowers
• stamen - pollen
• ovaries - eggs
-pollination
-double fertilization
-fruits (ripened ovary)
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| SHITTY ANGIOSPERM CHART | with the stamen and the ovary and the fruit and the sporophyte
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| Ecology & Physiology of Angiosperms part 1 | alteration of generations
-angiosperms compromise about 80% of all current land
-seeds protected
-sporophyte is mature diploid
-gametophyte is a haploid
-meiosis in anther
• microspore is haploid
• pollen grain is 3 total cells
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| Ecology & Physiology of Angiosperms part 2 | -meiosis in carpel
• carpel is ovary with megasporangium
• haploid ovary that undergoes mitosis
-double fertilization
• creates diploid zygote
• then somehow triple fertilization and it’s an endosperm
• fruit, dispersal, adult plant
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| Pollinators | -insects like purple & yellow
-hummingbirds like red
-some flowers pretend to be female insect
-seed dispersal
• Velcro
• Sticker plants
• Floaty types
• Coconuts
• Ants eating the outside
• Drilling into the soil
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