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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| WOT is an ANIMAL? | -multicellular • no cell walls -heterotrophs – obtain carbon from other organisms -embryos show gastrula stage • blastula to gastrula • its complex looking -collagen – a fiberlike protein (in tendons, collagen) -motile |
| WOW SUCH DIVERSITY HOW EXPLAIN? | • Selection pressure (predation, environmental) • Niches → niches • Cellular (mutation, etc) |
| What's in your developmental tool kit, kid? | tissue layers, bilateral symmetry, central nervous system, coelom |
| Tissue, glorious tissue. diploblasts vs triploblasts | • both have ectoderm – skin & nervous system • both have endoderm – lining of digestive tract • both have digestive cavity • only triploblast has mesoderm – circulatory system, muscle, organs, bones o only diploblast has non-living....jelly layer |
| Radial vs bilateral symmetry | • bilateral is rotifer down to chordates o bilateral has 1 plane of symmetry like humans & crabs o has anterior & posterior end o also dorsal & ventral side • radial is that everything is arranged around a central point o like a jellyfish |
| Advantages to bilateral symmetry? | Distinct head and tail • Helps move in directed ways through the environment Find prey Seek shelter • specialization of sensation organs at front end for guidance • specialization of structures on sides movement sensing the environment |
| LEARN A SHITTY CHART | |
| How about that central nervous system, doe? | • radial symmetry o senses all around o diffusive nervous net • bilateral symmetry o directional sensation o clustered nervous system o focus on sensation in head (cephalization) o bilateral organisms don’t have nerve net |
| coelom – tube within a tube | o Acoelomates - flatworms • no cavity outside digestive tract o Pseudocoelomates - nonsegmented worms • body cavity doesn’t completely surround the internal organs o Coelomates - segmented worms • body cavity completely surrounds internal organs |
| Why do we like a coelom? | o hydrostatic skeleton Contraction of muscles against H2O pressure in cavity = movement in a direction o protection of organs. Fluid filled cavity cushions against hard blows and body twists o expansion of organs (digestive tract, enhancing function) |
| What's a hydrostatic skeleton like...or something? | squeezing a water balloon? |
| What's in ya GENETIC tool kit? | hox genes – group of similar genetic codes. that's it. |
| Hox genes p1 | • group of related genes that control body plan of an embryo along the anterior posterior axis • they specify identity of body segments • are homologous • more hox genes, more diverse animals • just bilateral animals |
| Hox genes p2 | small variation in location and timing of expression of hox genes gives tremendous variation in body plans • add segmentation and this allows for very specialized functions along the anterior-posterior body axis |
| Diversification of life habits | -features promoting functional diversity • sensory organs o light sound touch smell taste electromagnetic fields • types of feeders o suspension fluid • movement limbs o lobe like, jointed, tube feet, tentacles • reproduction (in sharks, KNOW) |
| Shark babymaking | o viviparous • nourish embryos internally/birth live young • umbilical o oviparous • deposit fertilized eggs, embryos nourished by yolk o oviviparious • retain eggs internally/birth live young • no umbilical • intrauterine cannibalism |
| Why we like plants part 1 | -fuels & energy • fossil fuels (coal) • wood burning • artificial photosynthesis to create energy -food • duh • 12,000 ya domestication -secondary compounds • pharmaceuticals • rubber, solvents, oils, glue, dyes, waxes, insecticides, fragrance, |
| Why we like plants part 2 | taste -quality of life • gardening #1 hobby in US • importance of wild places to mental health -oxygen production • byproduct of photosynthesis -carbon sink -holds soils & slows runoff -primary producers |
| know main synapomorphies of SHITTY PLANT TREE | OG red algae vs green algae: chloroplasts Green algae vs nonvascular plants: ability to live on land Nonvascular plants vs seedless plants: vascular tissue Seedless plants vs gymno/angiosperms: seeds Gymno vs. angio: seeds protected within ovary |
| origin of chloroplasts | • came from cyanobacteria? o Very similar internal membrane structure (physical) o If you put it in a phylogenetic tree, it makes sense o Microscope data supports (molecular) |
| ability to live on land | • aquatic, then evolved for land • cuticle – waxy stuff that limits water loss • stomata – Closed at night because obviously not photosynthesis. Guard cells will open when they’re full of water, close when they’re dry. gas exchange & water management |
| vascular tissue | • simple water conducting cells (cellulose), vascular tissue (rigidity), tracheids (conductivity between cell walls), vessel elements (allowed water to go up) • water & nutrient transportation (against atmospheric pressure) |
| lignin | like a plant skeleton. Polymer of sugars & alcohols. Allowed plants to get higher. When they got gaps, the water could go up |
| Seed types | • angiosperms o have seeds inside ovary (deciduous) • gymnosperms o have seeds not in ovary • dicots are paraphyletic. Don’t really fit into unicots • magnolias are neither monocots or eudicots, but are definitely angiosperms |
| Seed facts | o includes an embryo and nutrients encapsulated into a tough coat o dormancy ensures that seeds do not germinate until conditions are favorable o effective way to disperse the next generation |
| nutrient transport in plants | most sugar stored in roots. phloem transport sugars from leaves to roots. Water is transported in the xylem. Then transport & intake of nutrients in roots. Enhanced through carbohydrates. Sugars can jump to plants in the surrounding area |
| Key features of angiosperm | -flowers • stamen - pollen • ovaries - eggs -pollination -double fertilization -fruits (ripened ovary) |
| SHITTY ANGIOSPERM CHART | with the stamen and the ovary and the fruit and the sporophyte |
| Ecology & Physiology of Angiosperms part 1 | alteration of generations -angiosperms compromise about 80% of all current land -seeds protected -sporophyte is mature diploid -gametophyte is a haploid -meiosis in anther • microspore is haploid • pollen grain is 3 total cells |
| Ecology & Physiology of Angiosperms part 2 | -meiosis in carpel • carpel is ovary with megasporangium • haploid ovary that undergoes mitosis -double fertilization • creates diploid zygote • then somehow triple fertilization and it’s an endosperm • fruit, dispersal, adult plant |
| Pollinators | -insects like purple & yellow -hummingbirds like red -some flowers pretend to be female insect -seed dispersal • Velcro • Sticker plants • Floaty types • Coconuts • Ants eating the outside • Drilling into the soil |
Created by:
haleyBUGoxox
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