A&P:I:Muscles part 2
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| Parallel Muscles | Fibers parallel to the long axis of muscle
e.g., biceps brachii
The center or body of the muscle thickens when parallel muscle contracts
Parallel muscles contract about 30%
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| Convergent Muscles | A broad area converges on attachment site (tendon, aponeurosis, or raphe)
Muscle fibers pull in different directions, depending on stimulation
e.g., pectoralis muscles
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| Pennate Muscles: Unipennate | fibers on 1 side of tendon e.g., extensor digitorum
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| Pennate Muscles: bipennate | fibers on both sides of tendon e.g., rectus femoris
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| Pennate Muscles: multipennate | Multipennate:
tendon branches within muscle e.g., deltoid
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| Pennate Muscles | Form angle with tendon
Don’t move as far as parallel muscles
Contain more myofibrils than parallel muscles
Develop more tension than parallel muscles
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| Circular Muscles | Also called sphincters
Open and close to guard entrances of body
e.g., obicularis oris
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| What do muscles provide and required to overcome? | -Applied force
-resistance
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| What is lever's function? | direction of an AF
distance & speed of movement produced by an AF
effective strength of an AF
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| What are the three types of classes dependent on? | force
fulcrum
and resistance
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| Each bone is a ___ and each joint is a ____ | Lever
fulcrum
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| First-Class Levers | Seesaw is an example
Center fulcrum between applied force and resistance
Force and resistance are balanced
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| Second–Class Levers | Wheelbarrow is an example
Center resistance between applied force & fulcrum
A small force moves a large weight
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| Third-Class Levers | Most common levers in the body
Center applied force between resistance & fulcrum
Greater force moves smaller resistance
Maximizes speed and distance traveled
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| Origin | Muscles have 1 fixed point of attachment (origin
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| Insertion | 1 moving point of attachment (insertion)
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| Action | Movements produced by muscle contraction
Body movements
e.g., flexion, extension, adduction, etc.
Described in terms of bone, joint, or region
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| agonist | produces a particular movement
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| Antagonist | opposes movement of a particular agonist
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| What works in pairs? | agonist and antagonist
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| How do agonist and antagonist work in paris together? | when 1 contracts, the other stretches i.e., flexors–extensors, abductors–adductors, etc.
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| Synergist | a smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist and helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist (fixator)
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| sternocleidomastoid | from clavicle and sternum to mastoid
Origin: Sternal head-manubrium of sternum
Clavicle head-medial rd of clavicle
Insertion=Mastoid
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| Oblique muscles | -compress underlying structures
-rotate vertebral column
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| Diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm | -divides thoracic and abdominal cavities
-preforms respiration
Origin=xiphoid process of sternum and costal cartilages and adjacent ribs 7-12
Insertion: central tendon
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| supraspinatus | abduction at the shoulder
Origin: spuraspinous fossa of scapula
insertion:greater tubercle of humerus
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| Gracilis | flexion at knee
adduction and medial rotation at hip
origin: body and inferior ramus of pubis
insertion:medial surface of tibia
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| sartorius | flexion at knee
flexion and lateral rotation at hip
Origin: anterior superior illiac spine
Insertion: medial surface of body of tibia
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| Gastrocnemius | extension (Plantar flexion) at ankle
inversion of foot
flexion at knee
Origin- lateral and medial condyles of femur and capsule of kneee
Insertion;calcaneus by way of calcaneal tendon
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| why do muscles interact with one another? | Muscles work in groups to maximize efficiency
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| ___ muscles reach maximum tension first, followed by ____,____ muscles | smaller
larger, primary
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| 6 ways that muscles are named | 1)location
2)origin and insertion
3)fascicle organization
4) Relative position
5) Structural character
6) Action
look in powerpoint for in depth
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| Effects of Aging on the Muscular System | Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter
Skeletal muscles become less elastic:
develop increasing amounts of fibrous tissue (fibrosis)
Decreased tolerance for exercise
Decreased ability to recover from muscular injuries
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| Internal Oblique | Origin: Anterior iliac crest, lateral half of inguinal ligament , and thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion: Costal cartilage of ribs 8-12, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba
Actions: Flexes vertebral column, rotates vertebral column, laterally flexes
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| External Oblique | Origin: External surfaces of ribs 5-12
Insertion: Anterior iliac crest and abdominal neurosis to linea alba
Actions: Flexes vertebral column, rotates vertebral column, and laterally flexes vertebral column
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