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A&P:I:Muscles part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Parallel Muscles | Fibers parallel to the long axis of muscle e.g., biceps brachii The center or body of the muscle thickens when parallel muscle contracts Parallel muscles contract about 30% |
| Convergent Muscles | A broad area converges on attachment site (tendon, aponeurosis, or raphe) Muscle fibers pull in different directions, depending on stimulation e.g., pectoralis muscles |
| Pennate Muscles: Unipennate | fibers on 1 side of tendon e.g., extensor digitorum |
| Pennate Muscles: bipennate | fibers on both sides of tendon e.g., rectus femoris |
| Pennate Muscles: multipennate | Multipennate: tendon branches within muscle e.g., deltoid |
| Pennate Muscles | Form angle with tendon Don’t move as far as parallel muscles Contain more myofibrils than parallel muscles Develop more tension than parallel muscles |
| Circular Muscles | Also called sphincters Open and close to guard entrances of body e.g., obicularis oris |
| What do muscles provide and required to overcome? | -Applied force -resistance |
| What is lever's function? | direction of an AF distance & speed of movement produced by an AF effective strength of an AF |
| What are the three types of classes dependent on? | force fulcrum and resistance |
| Each bone is a ___ and each joint is a ____ | Lever fulcrum |
| First-Class Levers | Seesaw is an example Center fulcrum between applied force and resistance Force and resistance are balanced |
| Second–Class Levers | Wheelbarrow is an example Center resistance between applied force & fulcrum A small force moves a large weight |
| Third-Class Levers | Most common levers in the body Center applied force between resistance & fulcrum Greater force moves smaller resistance Maximizes speed and distance traveled |
| Origin | Muscles have 1 fixed point of attachment (origin |
| Insertion | 1 moving point of attachment (insertion) |
| Action | Movements produced by muscle contraction Body movements e.g., flexion, extension, adduction, etc. Described in terms of bone, joint, or region |
| agonist | produces a particular movement |
| Antagonist | opposes movement of a particular agonist |
| What works in pairs? | agonist and antagonist |
| How do agonist and antagonist work in paris together? | when 1 contracts, the other stretches i.e., flexors–extensors, abductors–adductors, etc. |
| Synergist | a smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist and helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist (fixator) |
| sternocleidomastoid | from clavicle and sternum to mastoid Origin: Sternal head-manubrium of sternum Clavicle head-medial rd of clavicle Insertion=Mastoid |
| Oblique muscles | -compress underlying structures -rotate vertebral column |
| Diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm | -divides thoracic and abdominal cavities -preforms respiration Origin=xiphoid process of sternum and costal cartilages and adjacent ribs 7-12 Insertion: central tendon |
| supraspinatus | abduction at the shoulder Origin: spuraspinous fossa of scapula insertion:greater tubercle of humerus |
| Gracilis | flexion at knee adduction and medial rotation at hip origin: body and inferior ramus of pubis insertion:medial surface of tibia |
| sartorius | flexion at knee flexion and lateral rotation at hip Origin: anterior superior illiac spine Insertion: medial surface of body of tibia |
| Gastrocnemius | extension (Plantar flexion) at ankle inversion of foot flexion at knee Origin- lateral and medial condyles of femur and capsule of kneee Insertion;calcaneus by way of calcaneal tendon |
| why do muscles interact with one another? | Muscles work in groups to maximize efficiency |
| ___ muscles reach maximum tension first, followed by ____,____ muscles | smaller larger, primary |
| 6 ways that muscles are named | 1)location 2)origin and insertion 3)fascicle organization 4) Relative position 5) Structural character 6) Action look in powerpoint for in depth |
| Effects of Aging on the Muscular System | Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter Skeletal muscles become less elastic: develop increasing amounts of fibrous tissue (fibrosis) Decreased tolerance for exercise Decreased ability to recover from muscular injuries |
| Internal Oblique | Origin: Anterior iliac crest, lateral half of inguinal ligament , and thoracolumbar fascia Insertion: Costal cartilage of ribs 8-12, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba Actions: Flexes vertebral column, rotates vertebral column, laterally flexes |
| External Oblique | Origin: External surfaces of ribs 5-12 Insertion: Anterior iliac crest and abdominal neurosis to linea alba Actions: Flexes vertebral column, rotates vertebral column, and laterally flexes vertebral column |
Created by:
talennna
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