mrs. eastham anat./phys.
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| contractility | ability of skeletal muscles to shorten with force
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| contractility | ability of skeletal muscles to shorten with force
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| excitability | capacity of skeletal muscles to respond to a stimulus
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| excitability | capacity of skeletal muscles to respond to a stimulus
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| extensibility | ability to be stretched
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| extensibility | ability to be stretched
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| epimysium | skeletal muscle surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
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| epimysium | skeletal muscle surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
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| fascia | another connective tissue located outside the epimysium
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| a muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called | fasciculi
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| fasciculi are surrounded by loose connective tissue called | perimysium
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| muscle fibers | muscle cells
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| muscle fibers | muscle cells
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| each muscle fiber is a single cylindrical cell connecting several | nuclei
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| endomysium | a connective tissue sheath that surrounds fibers
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| myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other.
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| myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other.
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| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments
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| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments
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| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments
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| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments
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| actin myofilaments resemble | 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together
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| actin myofilaments resemble | 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together
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| myosin myofilaments resemble | bundles of minute golf clubs
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| myosin myofilaments resemble | bundles of minute golf clubs
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| sarcomeres | ordered units joined end to end to form the myofibril
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| basic structural and functional unit of the muscle | sarcomere
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| each sarcomere extends from what to what | z line to z line
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| each sarcomere extends from what to what | z line to z line
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| on each side of the z line is a light area called a ____, that consists to actin | I band
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| on each side of the z line is a light area called a ____, that consists to actin | I band
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| in the center of each sarcomere is another light are called the ____, which consists of only myosin | H zone
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| what is the A band | darker central region of each sarcomere
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| dark staining band in the center of the sarcomere | M line
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| in the center of each sarcomere is another light are called the ____, which consists of only myosin | H zone
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| the outside of most cell membranes are | positively charged
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| dark staining band in the center of the sarcomere | M line
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| the inside of most cell membranes are | negatively charged
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| resting membrane potential | charge difference across the membrane
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| action potential | brief reversal back of a charge
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| the outside of most cell membranes are | positively charged
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| axons enter the muscles and branch. each branch that connects to the muscle forms a _______, or ____ near the center of the cell. | neuromuscular junction; synapse
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| the inside of most cell membranes are | negatively charged
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| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| action potential | brief reversal back of a charge
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| axons enter the muscles and branch. each branch that connects to the muscle forms a _______, or ____ near the center of the cell. | neuromuscular junction; synapse
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| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber
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| each presynaptic terminal contains | synaptic vesicles
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| synaptic vesicles secrete a neurotransmitter called | acetycholine
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| muscle contraction | occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten
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| sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| between the H, the I ,and the A band, which one does not shorten in length? | the A band
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| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus
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| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until the stimulus reaches a level called | threshold
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| all-or-more response | the phenomenon of the threshold
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| lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| contraction phase | the time of contraction
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| relaxation phase | the time during which the muscle relaxes
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| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| recuitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated
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| ATP | needed for energy for muscle contraction
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| ATP produces | mitochondria
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| adenosine triphosphate | ATP
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| adenosine diphosphate | ADP
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| creatine phosphate | high-energy molecule
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells.
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| muscle fatigue | when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells
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| isometric | equal distance
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| isotonic | equal tension
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| muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
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| fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| origin | head
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| insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| prime mover | one muscle that plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement
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| 2 tongue muscles | extrinsic and intrinsic
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| sternocleidomastoid | prime neck muscle
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| mastication | chewing
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| kissing muscles | orbicularis oris and buccinator
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| occipito frontalis | raises eyebrows
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| orbicularis occilu | closes eyelid
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| zygomaticus | smiling
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| levator labii superioris | sneering
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| depressor angulioris | frowning
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