Clinical Research Quiz 2 pt 1
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| Accidental sampling | form of convenience sampling
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| Cluster sampling | successive random sampling of (broad groups) [instead of individuals] units, e.g. states, cities, census tracts, households; can be selected by simple or stratified methods; type of PROBABILITY SAMPLING
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| Confirming cases |
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| Convenience sampling | uses the most conveniently available people as study participants; type of NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING; WEAKEST FORM OF SAMPLING
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| Criterion sampling | purposive sampling approach used by qualitative researchers involving selecting cases that meet a predetermined criterion of importance
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| Critical case sampling | sampling approach used by qualitative researchers involving the purposeful selection of cases that are especially important or illustrative
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| Data saturation | sampling to point at which no new info is obtained & redundancy is achieved
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| Disconfirming cases | concept used in QUALITATIVE RESEARCH concerning a case that challenges the researchers' conceptualizations; sometimes used in a sampling strategy
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| Disproportionate sampling design | when comparisons are sought btw strata of greatly unequal size, additional subjects may be selected from small strata so that analysis procedures can be conducted; type of stratified random sampling (weighting is then done)
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| Effect size | statistical expression of magnitude of the relationship btw 2 variables, or t/ magnitude of the difference btw groups; it expresses t/ strength of relationships among research variables
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| Element | the most basic unit about which info is collected (e.g. humans in nsg research)
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| Eligibility/Inclusion criteria | criteria the specifies population characteristics
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| Exclusion criteria | characteristics that subjects must NOT possess
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| Extreme (deviant) case sampling | sampling approach used by QUALITATIVE RESEARCH involving purposeful selection of the most extreme or unusual cases
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| Homogeneous sampling | if population is relatively homogenous, a small sample may be adequate
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| Intensity sampling | sampling approach used by QUALITATIVE RESEARCHERS involving the purposeful selection of intense (but not extreme) cases
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| Key informant | person knowledgeable about the phenomenon of research interest and who is willing to share information and insights with the researcher (often an ethnographer)
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| Margin of error |
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| Maximum variation sampling | QUALITATIVE RESERACHERS involving purposeful selection of cases with a wide range of variation
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| Multistage sampling | sampling strategy that proceeds through a set of stages form larger to smaller sampling units, (i.e. from states, to census tracts, to households); probability and nonprobability may be used ex: you may select states, but randomize census, etc.)
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| Nominated sampling | sampling method in which researchers ask early informants to make referrals to other potential participants
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| Nonprobability sampling | sampling where elements are selected by nonrandom methods; there’s no way to estimate the probability that each element has of being included; rarely represent population
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| Nonresponse bias | difference btw participants & those who declined to participate (in longitudinal study, attrition bias should be reported)
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| Population | entire aggregation of cases in which a researcher is interested
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| Power analysis | statistical procedure for estimating either the likelihood of committing a Type II error or sample size requirements; in QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH; the larger the sample, the more representative of the population
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| Probability sampling | sampling involving random selection of elements; the only viable method of obtaining representative samples
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| Proportionate sampling design | subjects selected in proportion to the size of the stratum in the population; in stratified random sampling; type of PROBABILITY SAMPLING
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| Purposive (purposeful) sampling/Judgmental sampling | based on the belief that researchers’ knowledge about the population can be used to hand-pick sample members; type of NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
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| Quota sampling | one in which the researcher identifies population strata & determines how many participants are needed form each stratum; type of NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
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| Random sampling | involves a selection process in which each element in the population has an equal, independent chance of being selected; with PROBABILITY SAMPLING
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| Representative sample | one whose key characteristic closely approximate those of the population
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| Response rate | rate of participation in a study, calculated by dividing the number of people participating by the number of people sampled
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| Sample size | the larger the sample, the more representative of the population; QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
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| Sampling in QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population
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| Sampling in QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | concerned w/ measuring attributes & relationships in a population & representative sample is needed; initial and later considerations
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| Sampling bias | systematic over-representation or under-representation of some segment of the population in terms of a characteristic relevant to the research question
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| Sampling design | classified as either probability of nonprobability
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| Sampling error | differences btw population values and sample values
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| Sampling frame | in a simple random sampling, t/ technical name for the list of elements from which the sample will be chosen (i.e. table of random numbers; computer program)
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| Sampling interval | the standard distance btw elements chosen for the sample
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| Sampling plan | specifies in advance how participants are to be selected & how many to include; in QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
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| Screening instrument | brief interview or form to determine whether a prospective subject meets all eligibility criteria for the study; need to gain cooperation of those who are eligible
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| Simple random sampling | a type of sample selection using a sampling frame, giving each element an equal & independent chance of being selected
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| Snowball sampling/Network sampling/Chain sampling | early sample members are asked to identify & refer other people who meet the eligibility criteria; a type of CONVENIENCE SAMPLING; weakest form of sampling
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| Strata | mutually exclusive segments of a population established by one or more characteristics (i.e. all RNs in the US, or 3 strata <30yo, 30-45, and >45
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| Stratified random sampling | the population is 1st divided into 2 or more strata & then the appropriate nmber of elements are selected randomly from each stratum; type of PROBABILITY SAMPLING
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| Subgroup effect | the differential effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable for various subsets of the sample
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| Systematic sampling | involves selection of every _th case from a list or group; yield essentially same results as simple random sampling by involves far less work
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| Theoretical sampling | informants who can best contribute to the evolving theory; type of QUALITATY TRADITION
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| Theory-based sampling |
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| Typical case sampling |
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| Volunteer sampling |
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| Weighting | process of making adjustments to arrive at the best estimates of the overall population values; type of stratified random sampling
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| Steps in sampling in quantitative studies | -identify population
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| -specify eligibility criteria |
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| -specify sampling plan |
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| -recruit sample |
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| additional term: Type I error | rejecting null hypothesis when it's true
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| additional term: Type II error | accepting null hypothesis when it's false
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| Audio computer-assisted self-interview (audio-CASI) | an approach to collecting self-report data in which respondents listen to questions being read over headphones, and respond by entering info directly onto a computer
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| Back translation | the translation of a translated text back into the original language, so that original and back-translated versions can be compared as means of enhancing semantic equivalence
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| Biophysiologic measures | info used for creating independent variables, and for measuring outcomes
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| -in vivo measurements: done directly in or on living organism (i.e. measuring oxygen sats, BP, temp) |
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| -in vitro measurements: done outside organism's body (measuring serum potassium concentration) |
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| Computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI) | in-person interviewing in which the interviewer reads questions from, and enters responses onto, a laptop computer
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| Computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) | interviewing done over phone in which interviewer reads questions from, and enters responses onto, a computer
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| Data collection plan | a plan or description for the gathering of info to address a research problem
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| Data collection protocols | the formal procedures researchers develop to guide the collection of data in a standardized fashion
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| “Going native” | a pitfall in ethnographic research wherein a researcher becomes emotionally involved w/ participants & therefore loses the ability to observe objectively
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| Instrument | device used to collect data (i.e. questionnaire, test, observation schedule)
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| Manipulation check | in EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, a test to assess whether the manipulation was implemented or experienced as intended
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| Norms | the "normal" value on the measure for a specified population, and thus offer a built-in comparison
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| Objectivity | extent to which independent researchers would arrive at similar judgments or conclusions (i.e. judgments not biased by personal values or beliefs)
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| Observation |
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| Observer biases |
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| Obtrusiveness |
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| Pretest | t/ trial administration of a newly developed instrument to identify problems or assess time requirements; done in data collection
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| Qualitizing data | quantitative data that has undergone process of being interpreted in a qualitative manner
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| Quantifiability |
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| Quantitizing data | qualitative data that has undergone process of being coded and analyzed quantitatively
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| Records |
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| Reflexivity | in qualitative studies, critical self-reflection about one's own biases, preferences, and preconceptions
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| Self-report | method of collecting data that involves a direct verbal report of information by the person who is being studied (i.e. by interview or questionnaire)
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| Structure |
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| Training manual | a manual that normally includes background materials (i.e. the study aims), general instructions, specific instructions, and copies of all data forms
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| *additional term: Likert scale | consists of several declarative items that express a viewpoint on a topic (i.e. state degree of agreement or disagreement of opinion; rank your pain)
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