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Clinical Research
Clinical Research Quiz 2 pt 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Accidental sampling | form of convenience sampling |
| Cluster sampling | successive random sampling of (broad groups) [instead of individuals] units, e.g. states, cities, census tracts, households; can be selected by simple or stratified methods; type of PROBABILITY SAMPLING |
| Confirming cases | |
| Convenience sampling | uses the most conveniently available people as study participants; type of NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING; WEAKEST FORM OF SAMPLING |
| Criterion sampling | purposive sampling approach used by qualitative researchers involving selecting cases that meet a predetermined criterion of importance |
| Critical case sampling | sampling approach used by qualitative researchers involving the purposeful selection of cases that are especially important or illustrative |
| Data saturation | sampling to point at which no new info is obtained & redundancy is achieved |
| Disconfirming cases | concept used in QUALITATIVE RESEARCH concerning a case that challenges the researchers' conceptualizations; sometimes used in a sampling strategy |
| Disproportionate sampling design | when comparisons are sought btw strata of greatly unequal size, additional subjects may be selected from small strata so that analysis procedures can be conducted; type of stratified random sampling (weighting is then done) |
| Effect size | statistical expression of magnitude of the relationship btw 2 variables, or t/ magnitude of the difference btw groups; it expresses t/ strength of relationships among research variables |
| Element | the most basic unit about which info is collected (e.g. humans in nsg research) |
| Eligibility/Inclusion criteria | criteria the specifies population characteristics |
| Exclusion criteria | characteristics that subjects must NOT possess |
| Extreme (deviant) case sampling | sampling approach used by QUALITATIVE RESEARCH involving purposeful selection of the most extreme or unusual cases |
| Homogeneous sampling | if population is relatively homogenous, a small sample may be adequate |
| Intensity sampling | sampling approach used by QUALITATIVE RESEARCHERS involving the purposeful selection of intense (but not extreme) cases |
| Key informant | person knowledgeable about the phenomenon of research interest and who is willing to share information and insights with the researcher (often an ethnographer) |
| Margin of error | |
| Maximum variation sampling | QUALITATIVE RESERACHERS involving purposeful selection of cases with a wide range of variation |
| Multistage sampling | sampling strategy that proceeds through a set of stages form larger to smaller sampling units, (i.e. from states, to census tracts, to households); probability and nonprobability may be used ex: you may select states, but randomize census, etc.) |
| Nominated sampling | sampling method in which researchers ask early informants to make referrals to other potential participants |
| Nonprobability sampling | sampling where elements are selected by nonrandom methods; there’s no way to estimate the probability that each element has of being included; rarely represent population |
| Nonresponse bias | difference btw participants & those who declined to participate (in longitudinal study, attrition bias should be reported) |
| Population | entire aggregation of cases in which a researcher is interested |
| Power analysis | statistical procedure for estimating either the likelihood of committing a Type II error or sample size requirements; in QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH; the larger the sample, the more representative of the population |
| Probability sampling | sampling involving random selection of elements; the only viable method of obtaining representative samples |
| Proportionate sampling design | subjects selected in proportion to the size of the stratum in the population; in stratified random sampling; type of PROBABILITY SAMPLING |
| Purposive (purposeful) sampling/Judgmental sampling | based on the belief that researchers’ knowledge about the population can be used to hand-pick sample members; type of NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING |
| Quota sampling | one in which the researcher identifies population strata & determines how many participants are needed form each stratum; type of NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING |
| Random sampling | involves a selection process in which each element in the population has an equal, independent chance of being selected; with PROBABILITY SAMPLING |
| Representative sample | one whose key characteristic closely approximate those of the population |
| Response rate | rate of participation in a study, calculated by dividing the number of people participating by the number of people sampled |
| Sample size | the larger the sample, the more representative of the population; QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH |
| Sampling in QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population |
| Sampling in QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | concerned w/ measuring attributes & relationships in a population & representative sample is needed; initial and later considerations |
| Sampling bias | systematic over-representation or under-representation of some segment of the population in terms of a characteristic relevant to the research question |
| Sampling design | classified as either probability of nonprobability |
| Sampling error | differences btw population values and sample values |
| Sampling frame | in a simple random sampling, t/ technical name for the list of elements from which the sample will be chosen (i.e. table of random numbers; computer program) |
| Sampling interval | the standard distance btw elements chosen for the sample |
| Sampling plan | specifies in advance how participants are to be selected & how many to include; in QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH |
| Screening instrument | brief interview or form to determine whether a prospective subject meets all eligibility criteria for the study; need to gain cooperation of those who are eligible |
| Simple random sampling | a type of sample selection using a sampling frame, giving each element an equal & independent chance of being selected |
| Snowball sampling/Network sampling/Chain sampling | early sample members are asked to identify & refer other people who meet the eligibility criteria; a type of CONVENIENCE SAMPLING; weakest form of sampling |
| Strata | mutually exclusive segments of a population established by one or more characteristics (i.e. all RNs in the US, or 3 strata <30yo, 30-45, and >45 |
| Stratified random sampling | the population is 1st divided into 2 or more strata & then the appropriate nmber of elements are selected randomly from each stratum; type of PROBABILITY SAMPLING |
| Subgroup effect | the differential effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable for various subsets of the sample |
| Systematic sampling | involves selection of every _th case from a list or group; yield essentially same results as simple random sampling by involves far less work |
| Theoretical sampling | informants who can best contribute to the evolving theory; type of QUALITATY TRADITION |
| Theory-based sampling | |
| Typical case sampling | |
| Volunteer sampling | |
| Weighting | process of making adjustments to arrive at the best estimates of the overall population values; type of stratified random sampling |
| Steps in sampling in quantitative studies | -identify population |
| -specify eligibility criteria | |
| -specify sampling plan | |
| -recruit sample | |
| additional term: Type I error | rejecting null hypothesis when it's true |
| additional term: Type II error | accepting null hypothesis when it's false |
| Audio computer-assisted self-interview (audio-CASI) | an approach to collecting self-report data in which respondents listen to questions being read over headphones, and respond by entering info directly onto a computer |
| Back translation | the translation of a translated text back into the original language, so that original and back-translated versions can be compared as means of enhancing semantic equivalence |
| Biophysiologic measures | info used for creating independent variables, and for measuring outcomes |
| -in vivo measurements: done directly in or on living organism (i.e. measuring oxygen sats, BP, temp) | |
| -in vitro measurements: done outside organism's body (measuring serum potassium concentration) | |
| Computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI) | in-person interviewing in which the interviewer reads questions from, and enters responses onto, a laptop computer |
| Computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) | interviewing done over phone in which interviewer reads questions from, and enters responses onto, a computer |
| Data collection plan | a plan or description for the gathering of info to address a research problem |
| Data collection protocols | the formal procedures researchers develop to guide the collection of data in a standardized fashion |
| “Going native” | a pitfall in ethnographic research wherein a researcher becomes emotionally involved w/ participants & therefore loses the ability to observe objectively |
| Instrument | device used to collect data (i.e. questionnaire, test, observation schedule) |
| Manipulation check | in EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, a test to assess whether the manipulation was implemented or experienced as intended |
| Norms | the "normal" value on the measure for a specified population, and thus offer a built-in comparison |
| Objectivity | extent to which independent researchers would arrive at similar judgments or conclusions (i.e. judgments not biased by personal values or beliefs) |
| Observation | |
| Observer biases | |
| Obtrusiveness | |
| Pretest | t/ trial administration of a newly developed instrument to identify problems or assess time requirements; done in data collection |
| Qualitizing data | quantitative data that has undergone process of being interpreted in a qualitative manner |
| Quantifiability | |
| Quantitizing data | qualitative data that has undergone process of being coded and analyzed quantitatively |
| Records | |
| Reflexivity | in qualitative studies, critical self-reflection about one's own biases, preferences, and preconceptions |
| Self-report | method of collecting data that involves a direct verbal report of information by the person who is being studied (i.e. by interview or questionnaire) |
| Structure | |
| Training manual | a manual that normally includes background materials (i.e. the study aims), general instructions, specific instructions, and copies of all data forms |
| *additional term: Likert scale | consists of several declarative items that express a viewpoint on a topic (i.e. state degree of agreement or disagreement of opinion; rank your pain) |
Created by:
Fukanwa
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