PVAMU: Growth & Development Toddler (Exam1)
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| Toddler period encompasess _(1)__ years to__(2)__years | (1) 1 years (2) 3 years
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| Weight gian is _______ pounds per year | 3-5 lbs
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| Length/height increases by ______inches per year | 3 inches
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| Toddlers reach about 1/2 their adult height by _____ years | 2 years old
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| Head circumference increases about _(1)_ inches form when the child is between _(2)__years and then increase __(3)__inches per year until age 5 | (1) 1 inch (2)1-2 years old (3)1/2 inch
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| The brain reaches _(1)_ of its adult size by _(2)__ years of age | (1)90% (2)2 years old
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| Myelinization fo the brian and spinal cord is complete around | 24 months
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| Myelinization improves_______ | Coordination, equilibrium, the ability to exercis sphincter contorl.
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| Stool passage decreases in frequency to _____ per day | one to two times
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| Bladder and kidney function reach adult levles by ______ | 16-24 months
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| Urine Output | 1 mL/kg/hour
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| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt | It is a time of exerting independence. Since the toddler developed a sense of trust in infancy, he or she is ready to give up dependence and to assert his or her sense of control and autonomy
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| By _(1)__ years of age the toddler walks in a __(2)__ fashin similar to that of adults | (1) 3 years old (2) heel-to-toe
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| Toddler vision should be _____ in both eyes | 20/50 to 20/40 OU
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| Hearing should be at the _____ level | adult
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| Gross Motor Skills: 12-15 Months | Walks independently
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| Gross Motor Skills: 18 Months | Climbs stairs with assistance~Pulls toys while walking
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| Gross Motor Skills: 24 Months | Runs~Kicks ball~Can stand on tiptoe~Carries several toys, or a large toy while walking~Climbs onto and down from furniture without assistance
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| Gross Motor Skills: 36 Months | Climbs well~Pedals tricycle~Runs easily~Walks up and down stairs with alternate feet~Bends over easily without falling
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| Fine Motor Skills: 12-15 Months | Feeds self finger foods~Uses index finger to point
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| Fine Motor Skills: 18 Months | Masters reaching, grasping, and releasing: stacks blocks, puts things in slots~Turns book pages (singly with board book, multiple if paper)~Removes shoes and socks~Stacks four cubes
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| Fine Motor Skills: 24 Months | Builds tower of six or seven cubes~Right- or left-handed~Imitates circular and vertical strokesScribbles and paints~Starting to turn knobs~Puts round pegs into holes
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| Fine Motor Skills: 36 Months | Undresses self~Copies circle~Builds tower of nine or ten cubes~Holds a pencil in writing position~Screws/unscrews lids, nuts, bolts~Turns book pages one at a time
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| Echolalia | Repetition of words and phrases without understanding
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| Young todlers begin to use short sentences by ____ years old | 2 years old
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| Telegraphic Speech | Speech that contains only the essential words to get the point across like a telegram
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| At age _(1)_ the bilingual child may _(2)_ | (1) 1-2 years old (2) blend languages (parts of the word in both language)
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| By the age of _____ the bilingual toddler mix languages with in a sentence. | 2-3 years old
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| Egocentrism | Focusing on one's self
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| Separation Anxiety (Ages) | 18-24 months reemerges and may stop around 24-36 months
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| Toddlers typically play this way | Parallel Play: Playing along side each other
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| Toddlers need _(1)_ minutes of structured physical activity and _(2)_ hours of unstructred physical activity per day | (1) 30 minutes (2) 1 hour
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| Concerns: After independent walking for several months | Persistent tiptoe walking~Failure to develop a mature walking pattern
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| Concerns: By 18 Months | Not walking~Not speaking 15 words~Does not understand function of common household items
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| Concerns: By 2 Years | Does not use two-word sentences or follow basic instructions~Cannot push a toy with wheels
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| Concerns: By 3 Years | Difficulty with stairs~Frequent falling~Cannot build tower > four blocks~Difficulty manipulating small obj~Extreme separation anxiet~Cannot copy a circle~No make-believe play~Can't speak in short phrases~Doesn't understand simple instructions (pg 119)
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| All children over _(1)__ pounds adn up to _(2)__ pounds should in a forward facing car seat with harness straps and clips | (1) 20 lbs (2) 40 lbs
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| Weaning form the bottle should occur by _____ age | 12 to 15 months
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| Calcium requirements | 500 mg/day
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| Iron-deficiency anemia in the first _(1)_ years of life may be associated with _(2)_ | (1) 2 years (2) developmental and psychomotor delays
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| T/F: Fat/cholestero intake shouldn't be restricted in children under 2 years old | True
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| Physiologic Anorexia | Toddlers simply do not require as much food intake for their size as they did in infancy
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| Food Jags | Toddler may prefer only one particular food for several days, then not want it for weeks.
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| Toddler should have full set of teeth by _____. | 30 months
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| Beginning at _(1)_ brush toddlers teeth with _(2)_ | (1) 2 years old (2) Fluoridated toothpaste
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| Excessive fluoride ingestion cna lead to ____. | Fluorosis (molting of the enamel).
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| Toddler discipline should be focused on ____. | Limit setting, negotiation, and techniques to assist the toddler to learn problem solving.
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| Time Out is effective around ____ yers old. | 2.5 to 3 years old
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| Extinction | Involves systematic ignoring of the undesired behavior
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| Toliet training should begin around ____. | 2 years old when myelinization of spinal cord is achieved.
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| Best time to place child on toliet is _____. | after a meal.
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| Regression may occur during ____. | A stressful event. Toddler may go back to an earlier stage. Parents should ignore the regressive behavior and offer praise for age-appropriate behavior or attainment of skills.
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| Magical Thinking | The preschooler believes that his or her thoughts are all-powerful. Through make-believe and magical thinking, preschool children satisfy their curiosity about differences in the world around them.
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