MIP 300- Unit 2
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| infection (definition) | when a parasite is multiplying in/on a host
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| infectious disease (definition) | when a host cannot function normally
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| pathogens (definition) | cause disease
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| pathogenicity (definition) | organism's ability to cause disease
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| virulence (definition) | degree or intensity of pathogenicity
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| three factors affecting outcome of host/parasite relationship | # organisms, virulence, host's resistance
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| symptoms | unobservable
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| signs | observable changes
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| disease syndrome | collection of signs and symptoms
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| infectivity (definition) | ability of an organism to start an infection
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| invasiveness (definition) | ability of an organism to spread
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| pathogenic potential (definition) | ability of an organisms to cause symptoms (toxins!)
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| 3 factors affecting virulence | infectivity, invasiveness, pathogenic potential
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| infectivity affected by (4) | ability to be transmitted, ability to adhere, ability to grow, ability to avoid immune response
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| fomite (definition) | inanimate objects that are contaminated (like a doorknob)
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| 4 ways of direct transmission | airborne, horizonal, vertical, vector
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| horizontal direct transmission | kissing etc
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| vertical direct transmission | pregnancy
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| vector direct transmission | insects
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| indirect transmission (3) | airborne (from soil etc), contaminated food/water, contact (fomites)
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| 5 places adhesins are found | fimbriae, capsule/glycocalyx/slime layer, s-layer, teichoic acid, viral capsids and envelopes
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| teichoic acid | for attachment; found in gram positive bacteria
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| s-layer | may be used for attachment; protein layer around cells
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| host must have correct ___ for parasite to grow | pH, oxygen, temperature
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| microbial products to avoid immune system (3) | IgA protease, leukocidins, capsule
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| IgA protease | cleaves IgA
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| leukocidins | kill lysosomes in WBCs
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| how to hide within a host cell? (2) | escape phagosome before fuses w/ lysosome; prevent phagosome from fusing with lysosome
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| M-cell targeting | (salmonella)-> releases enzyme that makes these ruffle (immune cells in GI tract) so bacteria sink into them and get taken up
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| macrophage targeting | (Tuberculosis)-> tricks cells into spreading across mucous membranes and into circulation (hides in macrophages)
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| microbial products involved in invasion (definition) | all break down tissue so more space for microbe
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| Leishmaniasis | protozoal skin infection that can become visceral
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| neurotoxin treatment | antiserum (aka antitoxin) AND antibiotics
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| botulism causes | flaccid paralysis
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| tetanus causes | spastic paralysis
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| tetanus toxin | tetanospasmin
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| enterotoxins (definition) | affect GI tract
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| enterotoxin examples (2) | Vibrio cholera, E. coli
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| cytotoxin (definition) | affects cellular functions
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| cytotoxin (examples) | Corynebacterium diptheriae, C. perfringens
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| Corynebacterium diptheriae | diptheria toxin; creates pseudomembrane of dead bacteria+neutrophils which clogs throat
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| Clostridium perfringens | releases a-toxin-> removes head from phospholipids, breaks down muscle tissue (causes gas gangrene)
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| superantigen (definition) | over-stimulates the immune system; causes similar response to endotoxins
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| superantigen example | S. aureus TSST1 (toxic shock syndrome); shock dilates blood vessels, causes rashes (>20% of T-cells activated)
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| exotoxin genes (3) | plasmid, lysogenic phage, chromosomal
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| which disease must have phage to be virulent? | Diptheria
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| toxoids | inactivated toxins
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| DPT vaccine | toxoids-> diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
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| why is there no vaccine for lipid A? | the immune system doesn't recognize it and launch a response
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| septic shock cascade | caused by lipid A; blood clotting factor that over stimulates 4 systems; unregulated blood clotting which leads to organ failure **vasodilation
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| pelvic inflammatory disease | Neisseria gonorrhea; adhesins stick to sperm, scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes
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| damage caused by inflammation | macrophages/neutrophils release toxic molecules that cause tissue damage
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| damage caused by antibodies | antigen/antibody complexes settle in kidneys and joints that elicits an immune response -> tissue damage
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| how does herpes evade immune system? | prevent MHC I on cell surface
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| skin as an innate physical barrier | keratinocytes (keratin is H2O repellant), dry, top layer is dead, acidic, salty
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| fungal infection that invades skin | ringworm
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| Streptococcus pyogenes | exotoxin A= shock; exotoxin B= melts tissue/muscle underneath skin
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| mucosa | columnar cells that form barrier, release mucous (prevents adhesions and traps microbes)
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| problems that weaken mucous defense | smoking (kills cilia), asthma, cystic fibrosis
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| mucociliary escalator | ciliated cells and mucous trap and propel microbes away from lungs and into throat
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| how microbes evade GI tract (4) | resist saliva, strong adhesins, capsules, slime layers
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| microbes response to stomach acid | pH resistant (produce base), resistant spores
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| cervical mucous, prostatic fluid, tears contain ___ | lysozyme and lactoferrin
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| defensins | punch holes in membrane
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| lactoferrin/transferrin | sequester iron away from microbes
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| bacteriocin | produced by normal flora; kill other bacteria
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| complement 3 functions | opsonization, MAC, inflammation
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| cytokines | protein communication molecules
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| interferon response | infected cell releases it, other cells have receptors and synthesize antiviral proteins
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| granulocytes (definition) | contain toxic molecules
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| agranuloytes (definition) | do not contain toxic molecules
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| macrophages are called ___ in blood | monocytes
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| dendritic cells | phagocytosis; present in skin and mucosa
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| neutrophils | first responders (in blood)
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| inflammation (4) | bacteria introduced; histamine released; neutrophils roll and stop; extravassation
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| death from fever occurs at ___ | 109.4 degrees F
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| two substances that cause fever | pyrogens (exogenous= LPS etc; endogenous=interleukin-1)
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| why are fevers good? (4) | slows microbial growth, inactivates some toxins, increases immune activity, forces person to feel ill
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| two immunological responses | primary= first exposure; secondary= memory response
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| antigen | a substance that the body sees as foreign and mounts an immune response
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| epitopes | short AA sequences that are recognized by antibodies and T-cells
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| when active, CD8 cells are called (and activated by whom?) | CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) *activated by t-helper CD4
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| CD4 aka | (bossy) T helper cells
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| CD8 cells are important for | fighting viruses and tumor cells
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| how do C8 cells kill? | make pore, insert enzymes, apoptosis
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| B-cells | recognize and bind to antigen using the BCR (surface bound antibody) after receiving cytokine signal
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| memory B cells | stay in lymph nodes until second infection
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| IgM | secreted after infection, pentameric
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| IgD | unknown function, stays bound to B-cell
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| IgG | most abundant during 2nd infection, *crosses placenta (monomeric), blood!
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| IgA | mucosal surfaces (dimeric)
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| IgE | allergies (binds to mast cells), monomeric
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| 5 functions of antibodies | complement fixation, neutralization, opsonization, (agglutination, precipitation)
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| complement fixation | antibodies trigger complement cascade
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| opsonization (antibodies) | same process as complement does
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| neutralization | antibodies surround microbe and prevent it from binding to a cell
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| live attenuated vaccines | live culture no longer pathogenic (vaccine) *can mutate and be virulent
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| activated/killed vaccines | killed with heat or chemicals
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| toxoids | inactivated toxins (vaccines)
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| polysaccharide capsules | vaccine type; copy of the coat of microbes
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| what do B-cells do? | recognize an epitope, and make an antibody (IgM initially, IgG later)
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| protein vaccines | recombinant or native (new)
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| DNA vaccines | inject plasmids that express antigens in host tissues (in clinical testing)
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| recombinant vector vaccines | use of viruses or bacteria to deliver genes of interest (in clinical testing)
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| conjugate vaccines | link toxoid to polysaccharide component to help target T-cells
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| how does HIV work? | kills CD4 cells (no antibody, no CTL) **increased cancer and opportunistic infections
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| how does Epstein-Barr virus work? | over proliferation of B and T cells
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| how do herpes/measles work? | hide antigens from surface of presenting cells
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| how does the flu work? | changes antigens each year
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| How does Tuberculosis work? | reproduce inside WBCs
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| our definition for organic | 2 or more carbons
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| heterotrophs | use reduced organic molecules as carbon source
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| trace element function | help in metabolic functions
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| phototrophs reduce or oxidize CO2? | reduce
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| bioremediation | cleaning/plastic making using microbes
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| Exxon Valdez oil spill | add P and N to stimulate oil-eating bacteria
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| chemical work | molecule synthesis
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| E0 values | more negative= give electrons; positive= receive electrons
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| epidemiology | the study of distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations
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| outbreak | higher than expected occurrence in a small group (WWII vets pneumonia)
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| pandemic | occurrence higher than expected worldwide (influenza)
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| nosocomial infection | illnesses associated with hospitalization
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| endemic disease | steady but low frequency (herpes)
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| epidemic | occurrence higher than expected (index case)
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| zoonoses | animal disease transmitted to humans (80% of known diseases)
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| prairie dogs transmit | the plague
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| deer mice transmit | hanta virus (sheds)
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| vectors and ___ are the same thing | carriers
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| hepatitis A/E | transient
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| hepatitis B/C | chronic
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| convalescent | getting better, large # of microbes
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| most infectious w/ flu when? | prodromal
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| passive mechanical vector | vector carries it outside of its body
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| passive biological vector | animal carries it inside its body
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| active biological vector | bite, defecate, regurgitate in tissue
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| antigenic drift | example mixing up H's and N's of influenza
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| antigenic shift | example mutations in H and N antigens
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| when do you for sure want antibiotics (4) | rash/stiff neck/fever, sore throat that doesn't go away, skin infections, bladder infections
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| what did Bonnie Bassler study? | squid that used bacteria to hide its shadow; pumped 95% of them out in the morning; enough for quorum sensing by night time
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| types of quorum sensing | species-specific and species-nonspecific
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| what is the system that removes microbes from the lungs? | mucociliary escalator
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| infections that one gets at hospitals | nosocomial
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| mice= infected but cannot transmit to cats; fleas carry disease to cats and they get sick: mouse= ___; flea=____ | reservoir; vector
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| you travel to Africa and develop Ebola, which antibody most effective in helping to clear it? | IgG (blood)
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| 2 antigens and 7 epitopes for a parasite- how many B cells specific for it? | 1 for each epitope (7)
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| 2 different antibodies specific for same epitope- they will have different __ | constant regions on the heavy chains
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| roommate has hep A; you get gamma globulin shot; if they develop it 3 years later will you be protected? | no, it likely mutated (it's also acute)
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| asked to develop a toxoid specific for the C difficile toxin- what will you create? | the toxin that is deactivated by chemicals or heat
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| what would happen w/ complement deficiency? | lack of pore production on pathogens
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| smoker gets lung infections why? | smoking kills cilia
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| 3 ways TSST an LPS are different | exotoxin/endotoxin; actively secreted/not; made of protein/made of lipopolysaccharides
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| 2 ways TSST and LPS same | both lead to shock and both have no vaccine
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| which antibody inhibits toxin binding to receptors in the liver | IgG
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| H2S-> S could be done by | aerobic chemolithotrophy or anaerobic chemolithotrophy
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| NO3- -> NO2- could be done by | anaerobic chemolithotrophy or anaerobic respiration
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| final electron acceptor in methanogenesis | CO2
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