heart
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| the ____ is a simple squamous epithelium and underlying areolar tissue. The squamous epithelial lining of the cardio vascular system is called an _____ | endocardium, endothelium
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| the ___ is the serous membrane that forms the outer wall of the pericardial cavity. The parietal pericardium is reinforced by a _____ together they form the ____ | parietal pericardium, dense fibrous layer, pericardial sac
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| the epicardium or ____ is a serous membrane that consist of an exposed ____ and underlying layer of ____ that is attached to the myocardium | visceral pericardium, mesothelium, areolar tissue
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| the ___ contains muscle bundles that wrap around the atria and from figure-eights that encircle the great vessels | atrial myocardium
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| Cardiac muscle cells are ______ connected to each other, for this reason the cardiac muscle has been called the | mechanically, chemically, and electrically, functional syncytium (sin-sish-e-um)
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| cardiac muscle cells are almost totally dependent on ____ to obtain the energy they need to continue contracting | aerobic metabolism
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| at an intercalated disc, the plasma membranes of two adjacent cardiac muscle cells are extensively intertwined and bound together by ___ and ___ | gap junctions, desmosomes
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| the gap junctions allow | ions and small molecules to move from one cell to another
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| your wrist, where the balloon folds back on itself, corresponds to the ___, to which the great vessels, the largest veins and arteries in the body are attached | base of the heart
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| the pericardial cavity contains ____ mL of pericardial fluid. This fluid acts as a ____ | lubricant that reduces friction between the opposing surfaces
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| pathogens can infect the pericardium, producing ____. The inflamed pericardial surfaces rub against each other , producing a distinctive scratching sound | pericarditis
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| The pericardial cavity (or pericardial space) is a potential space between the ____ and____. It contains a supply of serous fluid. The serous fluid that is found in this space is known as the pericardial fluid. | parietal pericardium, visceral layer
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| traumatic injuries can dmg pericardium which can result in fluid accumulation within the pericardial cavity, which can restrict the movement of the heart. This condition called ____ can also be caused by _____ | cardiac tamponade, acute pericarditis
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| a fibrous remnant of a fetal connection between the aorta and pulmonary trunk that attaches the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch? | ligamentum arteriosum
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| ___ mark the boundaries between the atria and ventricles and between left and right ventricles | sulci (shallow grooves)
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| ____ have relatively thin muscular walls and are highly expandable. When not filled with blood, the outer portion of each atrium deflates and becomes a lumpy, wrinkled flap | atria
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| ____ marks the border between the atria and the ventricles, adipose tissue often accumulates in the is location | coronary sulcus
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| ____ shallow depression the marks the boundary between the left and right ventricles | anterior interventricular sulcus
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| the ____ carries blood collected from the myocardium by numerous coronary veins and conveys the blood to the right atrium | coronary sinus
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| the ___ on posterior surface marks boundary between the left and right ventricles | posterior interventricular sulcus
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| the left and right ___ arteries originate at the base of the ascending aorta, where blood pressure is the highest in the systemic circuit | coronary
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| myocardial pressure is not steady it peaks while ___ , and almost ceases while it ___ | the heart muscle is relaxed, contracts
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| ___ supplies blood to the right atrium and follows the coronary sulcus around the heart | right coronary artery
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| ___ from the right coronary artery supply the surface of the right ventricle | marginal arteries
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| the left coronary artery supplies blood to the ____, ___ and ___ | left ventricle, left atrium, inter ventricular septum
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| the ___ artery is a branch of the left coronary artery that curves to the left around the coronary sulcus, eventually meeting and fusing with small branches of the right coronary artery | circumflex artery
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| ____ or posterior descending artery, runs toward the apex within the posterior inter ventricular sulcus. Supplies blood to the inter ventricular septum and adjacent portions of the ventricles | posterior interventricular artery
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| The middle cardiac vein drains the area supplied by the ___ artery and empties into the ___. | posterior interventricular,coronary sinus
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| The coronary sinus obtains blood that drains from the | great and middle cardiac veins
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| ____ curves to the left around the coronary sulcus, eventually meeting and fusing with small branches of the right coronary artery? | circumflex artery
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| the atria are separated by the ____ the ventricles are separated by ____ | interatrial septum, interventricular septum
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| ____valves permit blood flow in one direction, from the atria to the ventricles. They are folds of fibrous tissue that extend into the openings between the atria and ventricles | atrioventricular
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| the right atrium receives blood from? | superior and inferior venae cavae, ask from cardiac veins
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| the ___ closes at birth | foramen ovale
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| the anterior atrial wall and the inner surface of the auricle contain prominent muscular ridges called the ___ | pectinate muscle
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| the left atrium receives blood from the ___ | pulmonary veins
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| The wall of the right ventricle is thinner than the left because | ...
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| ___ valve permits the flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle and prevents back flow during contraction. Contains a "pair of cusps. C | left atrioventricular
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| the left atrioventricular aka ____ Clinicians often call this valve the ____ valve | bicuspid valve, mitral
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| the ____ are a series of muscular ridges on the inner surfaces of the right and left ventricles | trabeculae carneae
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| blood leaves the left ventricle by passing through the ___ valve | aortic
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| the ___ provides a rapid conduction path that tenses the papillary muscles before the ventricular myocardium contracts, prevents the "slamming" of the right AV cusps | moderator band
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| blood travels from the right atrium into the right ventricle though a broad opening bounded by the ____ aka ___ | right atrioventricular valve, tricuspid valve
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| the free edge of each valve consists of 3 flaps, or ___ attached to tendinous connective tissue fibers called _____ | cusps, chordae tendineae
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| the fibers of the chord tendineae originate at conical muscular projections called _____ muscles | papillary
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| blood leaving the right ventricle passes through the ___. | pulmonary valve
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| the function of the atrium is to _____ and convey it to the ____ | collect blood that is "returning" to the heart, attached ventricle
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| the right ventricle has a ___ wall and the left ventricle has a ___ wall | thin, thick
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| the right ventricle has a thin wall because | 1. the right ventricle does not need to work very hard to push blood through the pulmonary circuit 2. the pulmonary vessels are relatively short and wide
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| the left ventricle has a "thick" muscular wall because | it must develop 4-6 times as much pressure to push blood around the SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
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| the left ventricle push blood around the ___ circuit and the right ventricle pushes blood around the ____ circuit | systemic, pulmonary
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| what happens when the left ventricle contracts? | 1. diameter of the ventricular chamber decreases
2. distance between the base and apex decreases
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| an individual whose right ventricular musculature has been severely damaged may still survive because | the contraction of the left ventricle helps push blood into the pulmonary circuit
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| the mechanism that moves blood very efficiently with minimal effort, but develops relatively low pressures | right ventricular contraction
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| _____ in the pulmonary and systemic circuit keep the aortic and pulmonary valves closed until the ventricles ____ | blood pressure, contract
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| when the ventricles contract, blood moving back toward the atria pushes the ______ | cusps of the AV valves together, closing them and preventing back flow
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| when ventricles contract, blood moving toward the atria pushes the cusps of the AV valves together, closing them and preventing back flow. At the same time, the contraction of the _____ muscles tenses the _____, stoping the cusps | papillary muscles, chordae tendineae
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| ____ are saclike dilations adjacent to each cusp of the aortic valve, the right and left coronary arteries originate here | aortic sinuses
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| the heart valves, bases of pulmonary trunk and aorta are encircled and supported by flexible connective tissues known as the ____ | cardiac skeleton
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| ___ stabilize positions of the heart valves and ventricular muscle cells and isolate the ventricular myocardium for the arterial myocardium | cardiac skeleton
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| the pulmonary and aortic valves each consist of three ____ cusps of thick CT. | semilunar
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| unlike the AV valves, the semilunar vales DO NOT require ______, because the cusps are stable. When the semilunar valves close the threes symmetrical cusps support one another like the legs of a ___ | muscular braces, tripod
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| If the chord tendineae are cut of the papillary muscles are damaged, what happens? | back flow "regurgitation" of blood into the atria occurs each time the ventricles contract
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| valve problems may interfere with cardiac function, if valve function deteriorates to the point which the heart cannot maintain adequate blood flow, symptoms of ____ appear | valvular heart disease
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| what are the causes of valvular heart disease ? How would u repair the problem? | congenital malformations and carditis, replace with prosthetic valve
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| ____ valve is an example of an artificial valve that uses the cusps from a pigs heart | bioprosthetic valve
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| What occurs when the left ventricle contracts? | The distance between the base and apex decreases.
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| Which is true regarding coronary function? | The semilunar valves close before the AV valves open.
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| the most common form of arteriosclerosis tends to develop in people whose blood contains elevated levels of ____. Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ___ of all deaths in the US | plasma lipids specifically cholesterol, half
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| what are the risk factors for athrosclerosis ? | elderly man, high blood pressure, and cigarette smoking
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| treatments for atherosclerosis ? | removing dmg segment of vessel and replacing it with a superficial vein from leg
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| ballon angioplasty is most effective in treating ___ | small, soft plaques
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| factors that make balloon angioplasty attractive are | 1. mortality rate during surgery 1%
2. success rate is over 90%
3. procedure can be performed on an OP basis
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| ____ generally results from partial or complete blockage of the coronary arteries. This causes a reduction in circulatory supply. The usual cause of this is ___ | coronary ischemia, formation of aterosclerotic plaque
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| scans to view arteries in the heart | digital subtraction angiography (DSA),
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| fine wire mesh inserted into the vessel to hold it open____ | stent
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| stents are routinely used by many cardiac specialist because ? | long-term success rate and complications are lower than ballon angioplasy
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