Test 3
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| Indigenous microflora is also known as ___ | normal flora
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| indigenous microflora include: | fungi, bacteria, protozoa, viruses
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| transient microflora: | take up temporary residence in the body as the body is continually exposed to the external environment
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| what kind of MO (microorganism) are on the skin? | mainly bacteria and fungi (staph and candida albicans)
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| what kind of MO are in the middle and inner ear? | usually sterile unless there's an infection
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| What kind of MO are found in the outer ear and auditory canal? | contain similar microbes as the nose and mouth.
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| How can infections in the middle ear occur? | coughing or sneezing can carry the microbes into the middle ear where a possible infection may result.
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| why is infection of the eyes so infrequent? | an intact membrane serves as a barrier and the tears contain an enzyme that destroys the bacteria
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| what enzyme is found in the eye? | Lysozyme
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| what kind of MO are found in the respiratory tract? | below the larynx, there are very few microbes because the mucous system "washes them" away.
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| What kind of MO are found in the urogenital tract? | free of microbes. contains kidney, bladder, and ureters. (remember that the external opening of the urogenital tract does have microbes, though)
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| What kind of MO are found in the Intestinal tract? | not much growth because of the acid
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| What kind of MO are found in the small intestine? | bacteria mostly
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| What kind of MO are found in the large intestine? | bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and fungi (over 400 different species)
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| In the Large intestine, most MO are ____ ____ and 10% are ____ _____. | obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes
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| What kind of microorganisms are found in blood, lymph, organs, and spinal fluid? | none, most internal tissues and organs are sterile.
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| what is symbiosis? | dissimilar organisms living together in close proximity. (don't benefit each other)
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| what is mutualism? | both organisms benefit and essentially depend upon each other.
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| what are examples of mutualism? | E. Coli (lives in GI tract, produce vitamin K which is necessary for clotting) and Termites (can't survive without bacteria in their gut.)
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| What is parasitism? | one organism benefits at the expense of the other. EX: Round worms.
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| what is an infectious disease? | growth of a type of pathogen
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| What is a communicable disease? | a disease that can be transmitted from one person to another. (most childhood diseases like the cold, flu)
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| What is a contagious disease? | infectious disease EASILY passed from one to another.
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| What is virulence? | the ability of a microbe to invade and infect a host and cause damage and produce disease.
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| What are virulent pathogens? | microbes that cause disease easily
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| What is avirulent? | incapable of causing disease
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| Virulence= | infectivity + invasiveness + toxigenicity
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| What is infectivity? | ability to infect host or protect itself against the body's defenses.
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| What is invasiveness? | the ability to invade and multiply in the tissues
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| What is toxigenicity? | the ability to cause damage or desrtruction to the tissue.
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| Virulence is a measure of ___ | pathogenicity.
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| An infection develops when pathogens are able to ___, ___, ____, and cause ____ | enter the host, attach, multiply, and cause damage to the host tissue.
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| what is a local infection? | confined to a single area.
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| what is a systemic infection? | covering many areas or tissures.
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| What is an acute disease? | very rapid onset, followed by rapid recovery. (self-limiting)
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| What are examples of acute diseases? | cold, flu
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| what is a chronic disease? | slow onset, longer duration of recovery (if they recover at all)
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| What are examples of chronic diseases? | TB, Hansen's Dz, Syphilis
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| What is a latent infection? | refers to a disease that reaches a point of having no symptoms and a latent stage.
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| What is an example of a latent infection? | herpetic lesion
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| what are the four phases of the course of an infection? | 1-Incubation period, 2-Prodromal Period, 3-Illness period, 4- convalescent period.
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| what happens in the incubation period? | no symptoms
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| what happens in the prodromal period? | feel yucky, no defined symptoms
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| What happens in the illness period? | disease presents itself, MOST CONTAGIOUS TIME
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| what happens in the convalescent period? | recover completely, recover with disability (lyme disease), or DIE =(
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| What are the six reasons an infection may not occur even if the pathogen is present? | 1-microbe may land in the wrong place, 2-many pathogens must attach to specific host receptor sites to be able to multiply, 3- antibacterial factors may be present that destroy or inhibit growth, 4-indigenous flora may inhibit growth (there's no room for
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| what are capsules, flagella, and pili? | structural features that may allow microbes to attach to and or invade certain host tissues and multiply causind an infection.
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| capsules have the ability to attach and are anti-_____ | phagocitic
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| flagella have the ability to be ____ | mobile
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| pili (fimbria) can ____ and are anti-_____ | attach, anti-phagocitic
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| what are exoenzymes? | extracellular enzymes that are associated with invasiveness.
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| what is coagulase? | forms sticky fibrin coat to prevent them from being phagocitized
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| What is kinase? | "fibrolysin" able to dissolve clots
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| What is Hyaluronidase? | "spreading factor"-breaks down hyaluronic acid (which holds our cells together) spreads very quickly.
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| What is collagenase? | breaks down collagen in connective tissue. (in perio dz- breaks the junctional epithelium and epithelial attachment)
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| What is hemolysin? | breaks down RBC
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| What is leukocidin? | destroys WBC
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| What is lecithinase? | destroys cell membranes of RBC
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| What part of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria is toxic to the host? | The lipopolusaccaride (LPS)
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| What are exotoxins? | produced inside some bacteria as part of their growth and development and released into the surrounding medium
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| what are cytotoxins? | kills host cells at the cellular level
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| what are neurotoxins? | interferes with normal nerve impulses
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| what are enterotoxins? | interfere with the lining of the GI tract. (severe diarrhea)
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| Botulinum toxin is a ____ | neurotoxin
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| Tetanus toxin is a ____ | neurotoxin
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| Staphylococcus aureus is a ____ | enterotoxin
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| Vibrio cholerae is a ____ | enterotoxin
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| what is epidemiology? | the science that deals with frequency and distribution of diseases and the factors that contribute to their spread.
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| What is an endemic disease? | disease that is constantly present in a population or community (TB in El Paso)
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| What is an epidemic disease? | a greater than normal number of a disease in a particular region within a short period of time (legionaires disease)
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| what is a pandemic disease? | world-wide (HIV and AIDS)
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| what are the 5 modes of disease transmission? | 1-person to person, 2-direct mucous to membrane contact, 3-indirectly through droplets or aerosols, 4-indirect contamination of food, water, or debris, 5-blood contamination.
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| what is direct transmission? | one host ----> another
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| What is indirect transmission? | food, water, or debris ----> ME
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| What is an autogenous transmission? | to myself. mouth ----> nose
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| List the nonspecific lines of defense | First line of defence, Second line of defence
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| Which are the specific (Response of the immune system)lines of defenses? | Third line of defense
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| The bodies 3 lines of defends against: | bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other MO (prions)
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| First line of defense: | Intact skin, mucous membrane and their secretions
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| Second Line of defense: | WBC (phagocytic activity come into effect), Inflammation & fever, Antimicrobial substances in the blood
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| Third line of defense: | Specialized lyphocytes: T-cells (cell-mediated)& B-cells (Humoral); Antibodies
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| Nonspecific defense refers to: | defenses against ANY pathogen
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| Specific defense refers to: | defenses against a SPECIFIC pathogen
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| Ingestion of a MO or any particulate matter by a cell | Phagocytosis
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| The cells that perform phagocytosis are called: | phagocytes (esentially all are WBC and derivative there of)
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| Blood consists of fluid called __________ which contains cells and cell fragments. | Plasma (contains antibodies)
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| Erythrocytes (RBC-hemoglobin) | transport O2 (in) and CO2 (out)
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| Leukocytes (WBC) | Phagocytosis activity
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| Granulocytes:granules->contain chemical mediators to help body respond;w/in cytoplasm | Neutrophils (60-70%), Basophils (0.5-1%), Esinophils (2-4%)
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| The nuclei of these contain two to five lobes: | Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)
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| What is important in inflammation and allergic reactions and releases histamine? | Basophils
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| Basophils are found in the _______ and become _____ once they are found in the tissue? | Blood; Mast cells
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| This granulocyte is important in acute infalmmation, motile, highly phagocytic | Neutrophils
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| This granulocyte produce toxins against parasites: | Esinophils
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| This granulocyte is active in initial stage of infection | Neutrophils
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| The Agranulocytes are: | Monocytes (3-8%) & Lymphocytes (20-25%)
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| A agranulocyte responsible for swelling of Lymph Nodes due to maturation | Monocytes
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| Monocytes circulate in blood after they leave and enter the tissue they mature into: | Macrophages
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| This granulocyte has the ability to leave the blood and enter the infected tissue | Neutrophil
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| Agranulocyte that occur in lymphoid tissues and play a key role in Specific Immunity: | Lymphocytes
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| Lymphatic tissue includes: | tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, thoracic duct, bone marrow, appendix, Peyers patches of the small intestine, & lymph nodes in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. They also circulate in the blood
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| The two types of Lymphocytes are | B-Cells & T-Cells
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| Humoral immunity (B-cells) | deactivate bacteria and viruses by producing specific antibodies
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| The antibodies are actually secreted by a differntiated form of B-cell: | The Plama Cells
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| Cell mediated immunity (T-cells) | attack all foreign cells
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| T-Cells originate in the thymus and are divided into: | killer, helper, and suppressor types
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| Platelets: | are important in Blood clotting
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| Wandering Macrophages are cells that have the ability to: | leave the blood and migrate through tissue to infected areas
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| When infection occurs both _____ and ____ migrate to the infected area | granulocytes (especially neutrophils) & monocytes
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| During migration, monocytes enlarge and develp into active phagocytic __________ | Macrophages
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| Fixed macrophage or histocytes are described as: | located in certain tissues or organs of the body
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| Liver | Kupffer cells
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| Lungs | Alveolar macrophages
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| Nervous | Microglial cells
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| Bronchial tubes, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the peritoneal cavity | surrounding the abdominal organs
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| The various macrophages of the body make up the: | Mononuclear phagocytic (Reticuloendothelial) System
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| Iatrogenic infection | caused by the profession. (Ex: improper disinfection or sterilization)
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| Community infection | dz being acquired, present upon hospitalization
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| Nosocomial infection | acquired during hospital stay upto 14 days after discharge, staph or fungal
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| Which patients are more susceptible to opportunistic pathogens | Sick and debilitated that have been hospitalized
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| Indiscriminate use of antibiotics & use of many drugs to suppress the immune system | Reasons nosocomial infections have increased over the past several years
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| People relying on antibiotics instead of using good aseptic techniques & being precautious | Reason nosocomial infections have increased over the past several years
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| Surgical techniques more complicated & lengthier; poorly trained staff | Reason nosocomial infections have increased over the past several years
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| Indwelling medical devices; overcrowding of hospitals & shortage of staff | Reason nosocomial infections have increased over the past several years
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| Bacteria most commonly associated with nosocomial infections | Staphylococcus aureus & strep, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, pseudomonas
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| Most common infections are associated with the: | Urinary tract (catheters)
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| Most vulnerable patients in the hospital | 1. premature infants & newborns, 2. women in labor & delivery, 3. surgical & burn patients
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| Most vulnerable patients in the hospital | 4. severely diabetic & cancer pts, 5. those recieving tx w/ steroids, anticancer, radiation
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| Most vulnerable patients in the hospital | 6. Immunocompromised pts: lupus, AIDS,7. Dialysis
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| Prevention of airborne contamination | 1. Cover your mouth when sneezing or coughing, 2. Limit the # of people in the room
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| Prevention of airborne contamination | 3. Remove the dirt & dust off furniture, 4. Open up the room to fresh air & sunshine
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| Prevention of airborne contamination | 5. when linens removed make sure they are rolled up, 6. filtration of the air
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| Pathogens most frequently found in food | Staphlococcus (skin & dust), Clostidium botulinum (dust & air), Clostridum perfringens
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| Pathogens most frequently found in food | Salmonella, Shigella (GI), Proteus (colon), Pseudomonas (respiratory, eyes, ears, UT)
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| Fomites | any article or substance other than food that may harbor or tansmit microbes (bedpans, door knobs...)
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| Medical Asepsis | exclusion of all pathogens from the immediate environment; is a CLEAN technique
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| Surgical Asepsis | exclusion of all MO from the immediate environment; is a STERILE technique
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| What are the two reasons that people are placed in isolation? | Prevent the spread & protect susceptible patients from exposure to pathogens
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| Reverse isolation (Positive air pressure): air entering the room is filtered; Protective | 1. Room must be cleaned before pt admitted,2. People entering must wear mask & gowns, 3. Display proper handwashing Ex. Leukemia, burn victims, transplant pts
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| Reverse isolation (Positive air pressure): air entering the room is filtered; Protective | AKA protective. room must be cleaned before atient enters, people entering must wear PPE's, enforce handwashing
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| Source isolation(Negative air pressure);air being removed from the room is filtered | Patient with a contagious disease, private rooms & baths to prevent spread of pathogens (exit air gets filtered)
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| To determine an organisms susceptibility to an antimicrobial, a _____ test should be performed: | Kirby-Bauer test
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| While performing the kirby-bauer test, At what temp and for what amt of time must the agar plate be incubated for the antimicrobial? | 98.6 degrees and for 18 hours
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| While performing the kirby-bauer test, What is meant if a clear ring is around an organism after incubation? | That antimicrobial (antibiotic) will kill the pathogen
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| The diameter of the zones of inhibition around each disc are measured in? | Millimeters
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| These measurements determine whether the organism is? | Susceptible or resistant to the various drugs tested
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| This group develops international regulations for disease contol & standarizaaton of drugs? | WHO: World Health Organization
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| How are epidemics prevented and controlled? | development of vaccine, gamma globulin used to boost immune system, segregate, isolate and
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| What type of contamination are common sources for the introduction of infection into the body | contaminated food and water
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| List the most common infections that travelers can acquire from contaminated food & drink | Escherichia coli, shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis,
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| Other less common infectious disease risks for travellers include: | typhoid fever, other slamonelloses, cholera, rotavirus, variety of protozoan, & helminthic
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| Another way of infectious diseases transmit other than food & drink: | Fecal-oral route
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| List the methods for ensuring water is safe to drink? | boiling the water, chemically disinfecting it, filtering, using various combinations
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| What is the best method for making water safe to drink? | Boiling the water will kill bacterial parasitic, and viral causes of diarrhea
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| What is the recommended time for water to boil vigorously? | one minute & allow it to cool to room temperature, do not add ice
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| If the altitude is greater than 6,562 feet what is the recommended time to boil the water? | 3 minutes or use chemical disinfection after water has been boiled for 1 minute
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| In order to kill spores how long must water boil? | 5 to 10 minutes
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| Sea level | 212 degrees F
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| 2,000 ft. | 208 degrees F
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| 5,000 ft. | 203 degrees F
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| 7,500 ft. | 198 degrees F
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| 10,000 ft. | 194 degrees F
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| Standard Precautions in the past was called: | Universal Precautions
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| Contact with non-intact skin & mucous membranes, blood, & all body fluids are all | Standard precautions
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| The exception to Standard Precautions is | Sweat
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| The relationship between a pathogen and a human is termed? | Parasitism
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| The relationship between Vitamin K producing intestinal flora ans a human is termed? | Symbiosis
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| Microorganisms that normally live on or within a human are colletively called? | Indigenous Microflora
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