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Microbiology 3
Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Indigenous microflora is also known as ___ | normal flora |
| indigenous microflora include: | fungi, bacteria, protozoa, viruses |
| transient microflora: | take up temporary residence in the body as the body is continually exposed to the external environment |
| what kind of MO (microorganism) are on the skin? | mainly bacteria and fungi (staph and candida albicans) |
| what kind of MO are in the middle and inner ear? | usually sterile unless there's an infection |
| What kind of MO are found in the outer ear and auditory canal? | contain similar microbes as the nose and mouth. |
| How can infections in the middle ear occur? | coughing or sneezing can carry the microbes into the middle ear where a possible infection may result. |
| why is infection of the eyes so infrequent? | an intact membrane serves as a barrier and the tears contain an enzyme that destroys the bacteria |
| what enzyme is found in the eye? | Lysozyme |
| what kind of MO are found in the respiratory tract? | below the larynx, there are very few microbes because the mucous system "washes them" away. |
| What kind of MO are found in the urogenital tract? | free of microbes. contains kidney, bladder, and ureters. (remember that the external opening of the urogenital tract does have microbes, though) |
| What kind of MO are found in the Intestinal tract? | not much growth because of the acid |
| What kind of MO are found in the small intestine? | bacteria mostly |
| What kind of MO are found in the large intestine? | bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and fungi (over 400 different species) |
| In the Large intestine, most MO are ____ ____ and 10% are ____ _____. | obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes |
| What kind of microorganisms are found in blood, lymph, organs, and spinal fluid? | none, most internal tissues and organs are sterile. |
| what is symbiosis? | dissimilar organisms living together in close proximity. (don't benefit each other) |
| what is mutualism? | both organisms benefit and essentially depend upon each other. |
| what are examples of mutualism? | E. Coli (lives in GI tract, produce vitamin K which is necessary for clotting) and Termites (can't survive without bacteria in their gut.) |
| What is parasitism? | one organism benefits at the expense of the other. EX: Round worms. |
| what is an infectious disease? | growth of a type of pathogen |
| What is a communicable disease? | a disease that can be transmitted from one person to another. (most childhood diseases like the cold, flu) |
| What is a contagious disease? | infectious disease EASILY passed from one to another. |
| What is virulence? | the ability of a microbe to invade and infect a host and cause damage and produce disease. |
| What are virulent pathogens? | microbes that cause disease easily |
| What is avirulent? | incapable of causing disease |
| Virulence= | infectivity + invasiveness + toxigenicity |
| What is infectivity? | ability to infect host or protect itself against the body's defenses. |
| What is invasiveness? | the ability to invade and multiply in the tissues |
| What is toxigenicity? | the ability to cause damage or desrtruction to the tissue. |
| Virulence is a measure of ___ | pathogenicity. |
| An infection develops when pathogens are able to ___, ___, ____, and cause ____ | enter the host, attach, multiply, and cause damage to the host tissue. |
| what is a local infection? | confined to a single area. |
| what is a systemic infection? | covering many areas or tissures. |
| What is an acute disease? | very rapid onset, followed by rapid recovery. (self-limiting) |
| What are examples of acute diseases? | cold, flu |
| what is a chronic disease? | slow onset, longer duration of recovery (if they recover at all) |
| What are examples of chronic diseases? | TB, Hansen's Dz, Syphilis |
| What is a latent infection? | refers to a disease that reaches a point of having no symptoms and a latent stage. |
| What is an example of a latent infection? | herpetic lesion |
| what are the four phases of the course of an infection? | 1-Incubation period, 2-Prodromal Period, 3-Illness period, 4- convalescent period. |
| what happens in the incubation period? | no symptoms |
| what happens in the prodromal period? | feel yucky, no defined symptoms |
| What happens in the illness period? | disease presents itself, MOST CONTAGIOUS TIME |
| what happens in the convalescent period? | recover completely, recover with disability (lyme disease), or DIE =( |
| What are the six reasons an infection may not occur even if the pathogen is present? | 1-microbe may land in the wrong place, 2-many pathogens must attach to specific host receptor sites to be able to multiply, 3- antibacterial factors may be present that destroy or inhibit growth, 4-indigenous flora may inhibit growth (there's no room for |
| what are capsules, flagella, and pili? | structural features that may allow microbes to attach to and or invade certain host tissues and multiply causind an infection. |
| capsules have the ability to attach and are anti-_____ | phagocitic |
| flagella have the ability to be ____ | mobile |
| pili (fimbria) can ____ and are anti-_____ | attach, anti-phagocitic |
| what are exoenzymes? | extracellular enzymes that are associated with invasiveness. |
| what is coagulase? | forms sticky fibrin coat to prevent them from being phagocitized |
| What is kinase? | "fibrolysin" able to dissolve clots |
| What is Hyaluronidase? | "spreading factor"-breaks down hyaluronic acid (which holds our cells together) spreads very quickly. |
| What is collagenase? | breaks down collagen in connective tissue. (in perio dz- breaks the junctional epithelium and epithelial attachment) |
| What is hemolysin? | breaks down RBC |
| What is leukocidin? | destroys WBC |
| What is lecithinase? | destroys cell membranes of RBC |
| What part of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria is toxic to the host? | The lipopolusaccaride (LPS) |
| What are exotoxins? | produced inside some bacteria as part of their growth and development and released into the surrounding medium |
| what are cytotoxins? | kills host cells at the cellular level |
| what are neurotoxins? | interferes with normal nerve impulses |
| what are enterotoxins? | interfere with the lining of the GI tract. (severe diarrhea) |
| Botulinum toxin is a ____ | neurotoxin |
| Tetanus toxin is a ____ | neurotoxin |
| Staphylococcus aureus is a ____ | enterotoxin |
| Vibrio cholerae is a ____ | enterotoxin |
| what is epidemiology? | the science that deals with frequency and distribution of diseases and the factors that contribute to their spread. |
| What is an endemic disease? | disease that is constantly present in a population or community (TB in El Paso) |
| What is an epidemic disease? | a greater than normal number of a disease in a particular region within a short period of time (legionaires disease) |
| what is a pandemic disease? | world-wide (HIV and AIDS) |
| what are the 5 modes of disease transmission? | 1-person to person, 2-direct mucous to membrane contact, 3-indirectly through droplets or aerosols, 4-indirect contamination of food, water, or debris, 5-blood contamination. |
| what is direct transmission? | one host ----> another |
| What is indirect transmission? | food, water, or debris ----> ME |
| What is an autogenous transmission? | to myself. mouth ----> nose |
| List the nonspecific lines of defense | First line of defence, Second line of defence |
| Which are the specific (Response of the immune system)lines of defenses? | Third line of defense |
| The bodies 3 lines of defends against: | bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other MO (prions) |
| First line of defense: | Intact skin, mucous membrane and their secretions |
| Second Line of defense: | WBC (phagocytic activity come into effect), Inflammation & fever, Antimicrobial substances in the blood |
| Third line of defense: | Specialized lyphocytes: T-cells (cell-mediated)& B-cells (Humoral); Antibodies |
| Nonspecific defense refers to: | defenses against ANY pathogen |
| Specific defense refers to: | defenses against a SPECIFIC pathogen |
| Ingestion of a MO or any particulate matter by a cell | Phagocytosis |
| The cells that perform phagocytosis are called: | phagocytes (esentially all are WBC and derivative there of) |
| Blood consists of fluid called __________ which contains cells and cell fragments. | Plasma (contains antibodies) |
| Erythrocytes (RBC-hemoglobin) | transport O2 (in) and CO2 (out) |
| Leukocytes (WBC) | Phagocytosis activity |
| Granulocytes:granules->contain chemical mediators to help body respond;w/in cytoplasm | Neutrophils (60-70%), Basophils (0.5-1%), Esinophils (2-4%) |
| The nuclei of these contain two to five lobes: | Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) |
| What is important in inflammation and allergic reactions and releases histamine? | Basophils |
| Basophils are found in the _______ and become _____ once they are found in the tissue? | Blood; Mast cells |
| This granulocyte is important in acute infalmmation, motile, highly phagocytic | Neutrophils |
| This granulocyte produce toxins against parasites: | Esinophils |
| This granulocyte is active in initial stage of infection | Neutrophils |
| The Agranulocytes are: | Monocytes (3-8%) & Lymphocytes (20-25%) |
| A agranulocyte responsible for swelling of Lymph Nodes due to maturation | Monocytes |
| Monocytes circulate in blood after they leave and enter the tissue they mature into: | Macrophages |
| This granulocyte has the ability to leave the blood and enter the infected tissue | Neutrophil |
| Agranulocyte that occur in lymphoid tissues and play a key role in Specific Immunity: | Lymphocytes |
| Lymphatic tissue includes: | tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, thoracic duct, bone marrow, appendix, Peyers patches of the small intestine, & lymph nodes in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. They also circulate in the blood |
| The two types of Lymphocytes are | B-Cells & T-Cells |
| Humoral immunity (B-cells) | deactivate bacteria and viruses by producing specific antibodies |
| The antibodies are actually secreted by a differntiated form of B-cell: | The Plama Cells |
| Cell mediated immunity (T-cells) | attack all foreign cells |
| T-Cells originate in the thymus and are divided into: | killer, helper, and suppressor types |
| Platelets: | are important in Blood clotting |
| Wandering Macrophages are cells that have the ability to: | leave the blood and migrate through tissue to infected areas |
| When infection occurs both _____ and ____ migrate to the infected area | granulocytes (especially neutrophils) & monocytes |
| During migration, monocytes enlarge and develp into active phagocytic __________ | Macrophages |
| Fixed macrophage or histocytes are described as: | located in certain tissues or organs of the body |
| Liver | Kupffer cells |
| Lungs | Alveolar macrophages |
| Nervous | Microglial cells |
| Bronchial tubes, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the peritoneal cavity | surrounding the abdominal organs |
| The various macrophages of the body make up the: | Mononuclear phagocytic (Reticuloendothelial) System |
| Iatrogenic infection | caused by the profession. (Ex: improper disinfection or sterilization) |
| Community infection | dz being acquired, present upon hospitalization |
| Nosocomial infection | acquired during hospital stay upto 14 days after discharge, staph or fungal |
| Which patients are more susceptible to opportunistic pathogens | Sick and debilitated that have been hospitalized |
| Indiscriminate use of antibiotics & use of many drugs to suppress the immune system | Reasons nosocomial infections have increased over the past several years |
| People relying on antibiotics instead of using good aseptic techniques & being precautious | Reason nosocomial infections have increased over the past several years |
| Surgical techniques more complicated & lengthier; poorly trained staff | Reason nosocomial infections have increased over the past several years |
| Indwelling medical devices; overcrowding of hospitals & shortage of staff | Reason nosocomial infections have increased over the past several years |
| Bacteria most commonly associated with nosocomial infections | Staphylococcus aureus & strep, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, pseudomonas |
| Most common infections are associated with the: | Urinary tract (catheters) |
| Most vulnerable patients in the hospital | 1. premature infants & newborns, 2. women in labor & delivery, 3. surgical & burn patients |
| Most vulnerable patients in the hospital | 4. severely diabetic & cancer pts, 5. those recieving tx w/ steroids, anticancer, radiation |
| Most vulnerable patients in the hospital | 6. Immunocompromised pts: lupus, AIDS,7. Dialysis |
| Prevention of airborne contamination | 1. Cover your mouth when sneezing or coughing, 2. Limit the # of people in the room |
| Prevention of airborne contamination | 3. Remove the dirt & dust off furniture, 4. Open up the room to fresh air & sunshine |
| Prevention of airborne contamination | 5. when linens removed make sure they are rolled up, 6. filtration of the air |
| Pathogens most frequently found in food | Staphlococcus (skin & dust), Clostidium botulinum (dust & air), Clostridum perfringens |
| Pathogens most frequently found in food | Salmonella, Shigella (GI), Proteus (colon), Pseudomonas (respiratory, eyes, ears, UT) |
| Fomites | any article or substance other than food that may harbor or tansmit microbes (bedpans, door knobs...) |
| Medical Asepsis | exclusion of all pathogens from the immediate environment; is a CLEAN technique |
| Surgical Asepsis | exclusion of all MO from the immediate environment; is a STERILE technique |
| What are the two reasons that people are placed in isolation? | Prevent the spread & protect susceptible patients from exposure to pathogens |
| Reverse isolation (Positive air pressure): air entering the room is filtered; Protective | 1. Room must be cleaned before pt admitted,2. People entering must wear mask & gowns, 3. Display proper handwashing Ex. Leukemia, burn victims, transplant pts |
| Reverse isolation (Positive air pressure): air entering the room is filtered; Protective | AKA protective. room must be cleaned before atient enters, people entering must wear PPE's, enforce handwashing |
| Source isolation(Negative air pressure);air being removed from the room is filtered | Patient with a contagious disease, private rooms & baths to prevent spread of pathogens (exit air gets filtered) |
| To determine an organisms susceptibility to an antimicrobial, a _____ test should be performed: | Kirby-Bauer test |
| While performing the kirby-bauer test, At what temp and for what amt of time must the agar plate be incubated for the antimicrobial? | 98.6 degrees and for 18 hours |
| While performing the kirby-bauer test, What is meant if a clear ring is around an organism after incubation? | That antimicrobial (antibiotic) will kill the pathogen |
| The diameter of the zones of inhibition around each disc are measured in? | Millimeters |
| These measurements determine whether the organism is? | Susceptible or resistant to the various drugs tested |
| This group develops international regulations for disease contol & standarizaaton of drugs? | WHO: World Health Organization |
| How are epidemics prevented and controlled? | development of vaccine, gamma globulin used to boost immune system, segregate, isolate and |
| What type of contamination are common sources for the introduction of infection into the body | contaminated food and water |
| List the most common infections that travelers can acquire from contaminated food & drink | Escherichia coli, shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, |
| Other less common infectious disease risks for travellers include: | typhoid fever, other slamonelloses, cholera, rotavirus, variety of protozoan, & helminthic |
| Another way of infectious diseases transmit other than food & drink: | Fecal-oral route |
| List the methods for ensuring water is safe to drink? | boiling the water, chemically disinfecting it, filtering, using various combinations |
| What is the best method for making water safe to drink? | Boiling the water will kill bacterial parasitic, and viral causes of diarrhea |
| What is the recommended time for water to boil vigorously? | one minute & allow it to cool to room temperature, do not add ice |
| If the altitude is greater than 6,562 feet what is the recommended time to boil the water? | 3 minutes or use chemical disinfection after water has been boiled for 1 minute |
| In order to kill spores how long must water boil? | 5 to 10 minutes |
| Sea level | 212 degrees F |
| 2,000 ft. | 208 degrees F |
| 5,000 ft. | 203 degrees F |
| 7,500 ft. | 198 degrees F |
| 10,000 ft. | 194 degrees F |
| Standard Precautions in the past was called: | Universal Precautions |
| Contact with non-intact skin & mucous membranes, blood, & all body fluids are all | Standard precautions |
| The exception to Standard Precautions is | Sweat |
| The relationship between a pathogen and a human is termed? | Parasitism |
| The relationship between Vitamin K producing intestinal flora ans a human is termed? | Symbiosis |
| Microorganisms that normally live on or within a human are colletively called? | Indigenous Microflora |
Created by:
Jenny teeth
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