68C Medical Terminology A&P II Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary
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| Abduction (Skeletal System Vocab) | moving away from the midline of the body
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| Adduction (Skeletal System Vocab) | moving toward the midline of the body
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| Articular cartilage (Skeletal System Vocab) | A thin layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis
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| Circumduction (Skeletal System Vocab) | the process of moving the distal end of a body part in a circular path
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| Compact bone (Skeletal System Vocab) | dense bone
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| Diaphysis (Skeletal System Vocab) | shaft of a long bone
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| Endosteum (Skeletal System Vocab) | a fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity
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| Epiphyseal plate (Skeletal System Vocab) | the cartilage plate that is between the epiphysis and the diaphysis and allows growth to occur; sometimes referred to as a growth plate
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| Epiphyses (Skeletal System Vocab) | the ends of the bone
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| Extension (Skeletal System Vocab) | Increasing the angle between two bones at a joint
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| Flexion (Skeletal System Vocab) | act of bending; decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint
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| Fontanel (Skeletal System Vocab) | “soft spots” on the infant’s head; unossified areas in the infant skull
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| Hematopoiesis (Skeletal System Vocab) | blood cell formation
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| Medullary cavity (Skeletal System Vocab) | The hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone; contains soft yellow bone marrow
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| Olecranon Fossa (Skeletal System Vocab) | a large depression on the posterior surface of the humerus
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| Osteoblasts (Skeletal System Vocab) | bone-forming cells
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| Osteoclasts (Skeletal System Vocab) | bone absorbing cells
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| Osteocytes (Skeletal System Vocab) | Living bone cells
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| Osteon (Skeletal System Vocab) | structural unit of compact bond tissue made up of concentric layers (lamellae) of hard bone matrix and bone cells; also called Haversian system
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| Periosteum (Skeletal System Vocab) | tough connective tissue covering the bone
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| Sinus (Skeletal System Vocab) | a space or cavity inside some of the cranial bones
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| Spongy bone (Skeletal System Vocab) | porous bone in the end of the long bone; may be filled with marrow
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| Suture (Skeletal System Vocab) | an immovable joint
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| Actin (Muscular System Vocab) | contractile protein found in the thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle
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| All or None (Muscular System Vocab) | when stimulated, a muscle fiber will contract fully or not at all; whether a contraction occurs depends on whether the stimulus reaches the required threshold
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| Antagonist (Muscular System Vocab) | those having opposing actions; for example, muscles that flex the upper arm are antagonists to muscles that extend it.
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| Aponeuroses (Muscular System Vocab) | broad fibrous sheets of connective tissue
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| Atrophy (Muscular System Vocab) | wasting away of tissue; decrease in size of a part; sometimes referred to as disuse atrophy
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| Bursa (Muscular System Vocab) | synovial fluid filled sac located between some tendons and bones, making movement easier
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| Hypertrophy (Muscular System Vocab) | increase in size, structure, or function
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| Isometric (Muscular System Vocab) | type of muscle contraction in which the muscle does not shorten or produce movement; (equal measure)
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| Isotonic (Muscular System Vocab) | produces movement at a joint; muscle changes length
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| Myosin (Muscular System Vocab) | contractile protein found in the thick myofilaments of skeletal muscle
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| Prime mover (Muscular System Vocab) | the muscle mainly responsible for producing a particular movement
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| Sarcomere (Muscular System Vocab) | contractile unit of muscle; length of a myofibril between two Z bands
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| Synergist (Muscular System Vocab) | muscle that assists the prime mover
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| Tenosynovitis (Muscular System Vocab) | inflammation of the tendon sheath
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| Abduction (body mechanics) | movement of an extremity away from the midline of the body
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| Adduction (body mechanics) | movement of an extremity toward the midline of the body
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| Alignment (body mechanics) | relationship of various body parts to one another
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| Base of support (body mechanics) | area on which an object rests; a stance with feet slightly apart
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| Body mechanics (body mechanics) | physiologic study of the muscular actions and the functions of muscles in maintaining posture of the body
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| Compartment syndrome (body mechanics) | occurs in the extremities, especially the legs, where a sheath of inelastic fascia partitions the blood vessel, nerve, and muscle tissue, leading to tissue necrosis if not relieved
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| Contractures (body mechanics) | abnormal, usually permanent condition of a joint characterized by flexion and fixation and caused by atrophy
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| Dorsal (supine) (body mechanics) | lying horizontal on the back
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| Dorsal recumbent (body mechanics) | supine position with patient lying on back, head and shoulders with extremities moderately flexed and legs extended
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| Dorsiflexion (body mechanics) | bending or flexing backward, as in upward bending of the fingers, wrists, feet and toes
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| Extension (body mechanics) | movement of joint that increases the angle between two adjoining bones
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| Flexion (body mechanics) | movement of certain joints that decreases the angle between two adjoining bones
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| Fowler's position (body mechanics) | a position arranged by elevating the head of the bed 45-60 degrees
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| Genupectoral (knee to chest) (body mechanics) | patient kneels so weight of body is supported by knees and chest
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| Hyperextension (body mechanics) | extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit
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| Immobility (body mechanics) | inability to move around freely, caused by any condition in which movement is impaired or therapeutically restricted
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| Joint (body mechanics) | any one of the connections between bones
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| Lateral position (body mechanics) | when patient is resting on his/her side
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| Lithotomy (body mechanics) | patient lying supine with the hips and knees flexed and the thighs abducted and rotated externally
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| Logroll (body mechanics) | technique used to turn a patient in bed as a single unit while maintaining straight body alignment
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| Mobility (body mechanics) | the ability to move in one’s environment with ease and without restriction
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| Necrosis (body mechanics) | local death of tissue from disease or injury
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| Orthopnea (body mechanics) | the ability to breathe only in the upright position
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| Orthopneic (body mechanics) | pertains to the posture assumed by the patient sitting up in bed at a 90 degree angle
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| Physical disuse syndrome (body mechanics) | a state in which an individual is at risk for deterioration of body systems as the result of prescribed or unavoidable inactivity
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| Pivot (body mechanics) | turn or change of direction with your feet while remaining in a fixed place
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| Pressure ulcer (body mechanics) | an ulcer that forms from a local interference with circulation
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| Pronation (body mechanics) | palm of the hand turned down
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| Prone position (body mechanics) | when the patient is lying face down
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| Range of motion (body mechanics) | normal movement that any given joint is capable of making. Any body action involving the muscles joints and natural directional movement
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| Semi-Fowler's position (body mechanics) | position arranged by elevating the head of the bed approximately 30 degrees
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| Shearing force (body mechanics) | an applied force that causes a downward and forward pressure on the tissues beneath the skin. (Def in Ch. 18 Hygiene and Skin, p. 448, Foundations)
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| Sim's position (body mechanics) | patient lies on on left side, partially on abdomen, with right knee and thigh drawn upward toward chest
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| Supination (body mechanics) | the act of turning the palm of the hand forward or upward
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| Supine position (body mechanics) | resting on back
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| Apocrine gland (Integumentary System Vocab) | type of gland whose secretions contain parts of secretory cells
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| Arrector pili muscle (Integumentary System Vocab) | smooth muscle in skin associated with a hair follicle
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| Basement membrane (Integumentary System Vocab) | layer of extracellular matrix that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue.
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| Collagen (Integumentary System Vocab) | protein in connective tissue and in bone matrix
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| Cutaneous (Integumentary System Vocab) | pertaining to the skin
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| Dermis (Integumentary System Vocab) | thick layer of the skin beneath the epidermis
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| Eccrine (Integumentary System Vocab) | sweat gland that maintains body temperature
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| Epidermis (Integumentary System Vocab) | outer stratified squamous epithelial layer of the skin
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| Hair follicle (Integumentary System Vocab) | tubelike depression in the skin in which a hair develops
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| Integumentary system (Integumentary System Vocab) | the skin and accessory organs
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| Keratin (Integumentary System Vocab) | protein in epidermis, hair and nails
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| Keratinization (Integumentary System Vocab) | process by which cells form fibrils of keratin protein and harden
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| Melanin (Integumentary System Vocab) | dark pigment normally found in skin and hair
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| Melanocytes (Integumentary System Vocab) | melanin-producing cell
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| Sebaceous gland (Integumentary System Vocab) | skin gland that secretes sebum
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| Subcutaneous (Integumentary System Vocab) | beneath the skin
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| Sweat (sudoriferous) gland (Integumentary System Vocab) | exocrine gland in skin that secretes a mixture of water, salt, urea and other bodily wastes
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| Bedpan (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | device for receiving feces and urine from either male or female patients confined to bed
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| Canthus (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | corner of the eye
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| Cerumen (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | ear wax
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| Chux (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | waterproof pads
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| Circumorbital (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | circular area around the eye
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| Dentures (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | artificial teeth
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| Diaphoresis (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | sweating
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| Erythema (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | redness
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| Hygiene (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | science of health; care of the skin, hair, hands, feet, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, back and perineum
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| Medical Asepsis (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | clean technique
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| Microorganism (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | tiny plants and animals seen through the microscope
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| Oral hygiene (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | care of the oral cavity that helps maintain a healthy state of the mouth, teeth, gums and lips.
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| Pathogenic (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | disease-producing microorganisms
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| Perineal care (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | care of the genitals
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| Prone (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | lying on the abdomen
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| Range of Motion (ROM) (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | normal movement that any joint is capable of making
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| Sim's' Position (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | side lying
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| Supine (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | lying face up
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| Syncope (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | fainting
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| Urinal (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | device for collecting urine
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| Vertigo (Skin & Hygiene Vocab) | dizziness
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| Threshold Stimulus (Muscular System) | the minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract
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| Twitch (Muscular System) | contractions that are a quick, jerky movement and do not play a significant role in normal muscular activity; they are a single contraction of muscle fibers caused by a single threshold stimulus
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| Tetanic contractions (Muscular System) | Sustained and steady muscular contractions caused by a series of stimuli bombarding a muscle in rapid succession
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| 4 Abdominal Muscles (Muscular System) | External Oblique, Internal Oblique, Transverse Abdominis, Rectus Abdominis
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| 3 Hamstring Muscles (Muscular System) | Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, Biceps femoris
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| 4 Quadricep Muscles (Muscular System) | Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius
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| 4 Types of Bones (Skeletal System) | Long, short, flat, irregular
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| 2 Types of Bone Formation/Growth (Skeletal System) | Intramembranous, Endochondral
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| 3 Types of Ribs (Skeletal System) | True ribs- 7 rib pairs
False ribs- 5 rib pairs
Floating ribs- Rib pairs 11, and 12
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| Sternum, and its 3 portions (Skeletal System) | Located midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cage
Manubrium: The top portion.
Body: The middle portion
Xiphoid Process: The bottom portion
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| Pectoral Girdle (Skeletal System) | The shoulder bone formation
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| Hand Bones (Skeletal System) | Composed of 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 5 sets of phalanges
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| Carpal Bones (Skeletal System) | Set of bones in the hand that articulates with the fibrocartilaginous disc on the ulnar side, and the radius.
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| Metacarpal Bones (Skeletal System) | Articulates proximally with the carpals and distally with the phalanges
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| Phalanges (Skeletal System) | Articulates proximally with the Metacarpals
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