autonomic physiology
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| the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is also called | cholinergic (ACh)
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| the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is also called | adrenergic (adrenaline)
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| commonly used to describe the sympathetic (adrenergic) response | "fight or flight" response (diffuse response)
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| commonly used to describe the parasympathetic (cholinergic) response | "rest and digest" response (discrete response)
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| presynaptic neurotransmitter for sympathetic (adrenergic) division | ACh
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| presynaptic neurotransmitter for parasympathetic (cholinergic) division | ACh
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| presynaptic NT for autonomic NS | ACh (presynaptic for both parasympathetic and sympathetic)
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the eye | contraction of the iris radial muscle (pupil dilates)
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| mydraisis | large/widened pupil
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| miosis | small/narrowed pupil
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| parasympathetic (cholinergic) effects on the eye | contraction of the iris sphincter muscle (pupil contracts); contraction of ciliary muscle (accommodates for near vision)
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the trachea/bronchioles | dilates (smooth muscle of lungs has B2 receptors, but no adrenergic innervation; smooth muscle of arterioles in lungs has B2 receptors and does have sympathetic innervation)
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| parasympathetic (cholinergic) effects on the trachea/bronchioles | constricts, increases secretions
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the adrenal medulla | epinepherine and nor-epinepherine are secreted
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| parasympathetic (cholinergic) effects on the adrenal medulla | no innervation
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the kidney via alpha-1 receptors | decreased renin secretion
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the kidney via beta-1 receptors | increased renin secretion
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| function of detrusor muscle (bladder) | layer of bladder wall made of smooth muscle fibers; When bladder is stretched, this signals the parasympathetic nervous system to contract the detrusor muscle which encourages the bladder to expel urine through the urethra
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| function of trigone muscle (bladder) | smooth triangular region of bladder that is very sensitive to expansion and once stretched to a certain degree, brain of its need to empty. The signals become stronger as the bladder continues to fill.
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| function of urethral sphincter (internal/involuntary) | primary muscle for prohibiting the release of urine
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the ureters and bladder | relaxes detrusor; contracts sphincter and trigone; prevents urination
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| parasympathetic (cholinergic) effects on the ureters and bladder | contracts detrusor; relaxes sphincter and trigone; promotes urination
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the male genitalia | stimulates ejaculation
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| parasympathetic (cholinergic) effects on male genitalia | stimulates erection
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| parasympathetic (cholinergic) effects on the lacrimal gland | stimulates tears
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the salivary glands | thick, viscid secretions
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| parasympathetic (cholinergic) effects on the salivary glands | copious, watery secretions
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the lacrimal gland | no innnervation
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the heart | increased HR; increased contractility
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| parasympathetic (cholinergic) effects on the heart | decreased HR; decreased contractility
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the gastrointestinal system | decreased muscle motility and tone; contraction of sphincters
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| parasympathetic (cholinergic) effects on the gastrointestinal system | increased muscle motility and tone (decreased sphincter tone except gastroesophageal sphincter which is increased)
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the female genitalia | relaxation of uterus
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| parasympathetic (cholinergic) effects on the blood vessels in skeletal muscle | dilatation (arterioles contain muscarinic receptors but no parasympathetic innervation, except in the penis)
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| parasympathetic (cholinergic) effects on the female genitalia | no innervation
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the blood vessels in skeletal muscle | no innervation
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| sympathetic (adrenergic) effects on the blood vessels in skin, mucous membrane, splanchnic area) | constriction
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| parasympathetic (cholinergic) effects on the blood vessels in skin, mucous membrane, splanchnic area) | no innervation
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| cranial nerves important to the autonomic nervous system | CN 3, 7, 9, 10
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| cholinergic receptors important to autonomic nervous system | Nn (nicotinic neuron), Nm (nicotinic skeletal muscle), M1 - M5
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| Nn, Nm - receptor type | associated with ion channels; cholinergic
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| M1 - M5: receptor type | GPCRs; cholinergic
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| adrenergic receptors important to autonomic nervous system | Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1, Beta-2
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| Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1, Beta-2: receptor types | all GPCRs, adrenergic
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| location of ganglia in the parasympathetic NS | ganglia are close to the organ
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| location of ganglia in the sympathetic NS | ganglia lie near the vertebral column
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| postganglionic NT in the parasympathetic NS | ACh
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| postganglionic NT in the sympathetic NS | norepinepherine (NE)
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| two places where postganglionic NT in the sympathetic NS is not NE | adrenal medulla and sweat glands (postganglioic NT is ACh)
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| the receptors on the post-ganglionic neuron in the autonomic NS is always this type of receptor | Nn (ACh) - same for parasympathetic and sympathetic (i.e., ACh is the preganglionic transmitter so the postganglion receptor must be ACh receptor)
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