Intro Psych II
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| Multiply Determined | to be produced by MANY actions
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| Psychology | the study of the mind, brain, and behavior
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| Reciprocal Determinism | the mutual influence we have on each other's behavior
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| Individual Differences | variations among people in their thinking, emotions, personality, and behavior
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| Naive Realism | the belief that we see the world precisely as it is
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| Scientific Theory | an explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world
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| Hypothesis | a testable prediction derived from a scientific theory
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| Confirmation Bias | the tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them
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| Belief Perseverence | the tendency to stick to our natural beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
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| Metaphysical Claim | an assertion about the world that is not testable
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| Science | a systematic APPROACH to evidence
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| Introspection | a method by which trained observers carefully reflect on their mental experiences
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| Structuralism | a school of psychology that aimed to IDENTIFY the basic elements of psychological characteristics ("What" questions)
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| Why did Structuralism not succeed? | depended on the notion that everything could be solved via introspection
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| Functionalism | a school of psychology that aimed to UNDERSTAND the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics ("Why" questions)
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| Natural Selection | principle that organisms that possess adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other organisms
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| Behaviorism (Black Box Psychology) | a school of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behavior
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| Cognitive Psychology | a school of psychology that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behavior
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| Cognitive Neuroscience | a field of psychology that examines the relation between brain functioning and thinking
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| Psychoanalysis | a school of psychology, founded by Freud, that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we are unaware
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| Evolutionary Psychology | a discipline that applies Darwin's theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior
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| Basic Research | research examining how the mind works
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| Applied Research | research examining how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems
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| Pseudoscience | a set claims that seems scientific but isn't
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| Pseudoscience vs. Metaphysical Claims | In contrast to metaphysical claims, pseudoscience CAN be tested
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| Ad Hoc Immunizing Hypothesis | an loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification
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| Patternicity | the tendency to detect meaningful patterns in random stimuli
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| Terror Management Theory | a theory proposing that our awareness of our death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror which we cope by adopting reassuring cultural worlvdiews
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| Emotional Reasoning Fallacy (Affect Heuristic) | the error of using our emotions as a guides for evaluating the validity of a claim
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| Bandwagon Fallacy | the error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many people believe it
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| Not Me Fallacy | the error of believing that we're immune from errors in thinking that afflict other people
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| Appeal to Authority Fallacy | the error of accepting a claim merely because an authority figure endorses it
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| Either-Or Fallacy | the error of framing a question as though we can only answer it in one of two extreme ways
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| Genetic Fallacy | the error of confusing the correctness of a belief with its time period of origin
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| Argument from Antiquity Fallacy | the error of assuming that a belief must be valid because it's been around for a long time
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| Appeal to Ignorance Fallacy | the error of assuming a belief must be valid just because no one has shown it to be false
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| Hasty Generalization Fallacy | the error of drawing a conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
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| Bias Blind Spot | phenomenon where one is unaware of their own biases but keenly aware of biases within others
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| Scientific Skepticism | the approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them
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| Critical Thinking | a set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion
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| Correlation-Causation Fallacy | the error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another that it must cause the other
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| Variable | anything that can vary
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| Falsifiability | capabile of being disproved
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| Replicability | when a study's findings are able to be duplicated
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| Decline Effect | the fact that the size of certain psychological findings seem to be shrinking over time
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| Prefrontal Lobotomy | surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobe of the brain from the underlying thalamus
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| System I Thinking | Intuitive thinking; thinking that doesn't require much mental effort
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| System II Thinking | Analytical thinking; a slow and reflective thinking that requires mental effort
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| Heuristic | a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps streamline our thinking and make sense of the world
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| Naturalistic Observation | watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation
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| External Validity | the extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
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| Internal Valdity | the extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study
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| Case Study | a research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended period of time
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| Existence Proof | a demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur
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| Random Selection | a procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
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| Reliability | the consistency of measurement
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| Test-Retest Reliability | when a test yields similar scores over time
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| Interrater Reliability | the extent to which different observers agree on the characteristics they're measuring
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| Validity | the extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure
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| Response Set | the tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items
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| Correlational Design | a research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated
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| Scatterplot | a grouping of points on a two-dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person's data
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| Illusory Correlation | the perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists
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| Experiement | a research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable
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| Random Assignment | randomly sorting participants into groups
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| Experimental Group | the group that receives the manipulation
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| Control Group | the group that doesn't receive manipulation
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| Independent Variable | the variable that an experimenter manipulates
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| Dependent Variable | the variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect
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| Operational Definition | a working definition of what a researcher is measuring
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| Placebo Effect | improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
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| Blind | unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group
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| Nocebo Effect | harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm
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| Rosenthal Effect (Experimenter Expectancy Effect) | a phenomenon in which researchers' hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study
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| Double Blind | when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who's in the experimental or control group
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| Demand Characteristics | cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypotheses
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| Informed Consent | informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate
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| Statistics | the application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data
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| Descriptive Statistics | the numerical characterizations that describe data
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| Central Tendency | measure of the "central" scores in a data set of where the group tends to cluster
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Created by:
clari.nellie
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