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Psych 111
Intro Psych II
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Multiply Determined | to be produced by MANY actions |
| Psychology | the study of the mind, brain, and behavior |
| Reciprocal Determinism | the mutual influence we have on each other's behavior |
| Individual Differences | variations among people in their thinking, emotions, personality, and behavior |
| Naive Realism | the belief that we see the world precisely as it is |
| Scientific Theory | an explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world |
| Hypothesis | a testable prediction derived from a scientific theory |
| Confirmation Bias | the tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them |
| Belief Perseverence | the tendency to stick to our natural beliefs even when evidence contradicts them |
| Metaphysical Claim | an assertion about the world that is not testable |
| Science | a systematic APPROACH to evidence |
| Introspection | a method by which trained observers carefully reflect on their mental experiences |
| Structuralism | a school of psychology that aimed to IDENTIFY the basic elements of psychological characteristics ("What" questions) |
| Why did Structuralism not succeed? | depended on the notion that everything could be solved via introspection |
| Functionalism | a school of psychology that aimed to UNDERSTAND the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics ("Why" questions) |
| Natural Selection | principle that organisms that possess adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other organisms |
| Behaviorism (Black Box Psychology) | a school of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behavior |
| Cognitive Psychology | a school of psychology that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behavior |
| Cognitive Neuroscience | a field of psychology that examines the relation between brain functioning and thinking |
| Psychoanalysis | a school of psychology, founded by Freud, that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we are unaware |
| Evolutionary Psychology | a discipline that applies Darwin's theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior |
| Basic Research | research examining how the mind works |
| Applied Research | research examining how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems |
| Pseudoscience | a set claims that seems scientific but isn't |
| Pseudoscience vs. Metaphysical Claims | In contrast to metaphysical claims, pseudoscience CAN be tested |
| Ad Hoc Immunizing Hypothesis | an loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification |
| Patternicity | the tendency to detect meaningful patterns in random stimuli |
| Terror Management Theory | a theory proposing that our awareness of our death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror which we cope by adopting reassuring cultural worlvdiews |
| Emotional Reasoning Fallacy (Affect Heuristic) | the error of using our emotions as a guides for evaluating the validity of a claim |
| Bandwagon Fallacy | the error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many people believe it |
| Not Me Fallacy | the error of believing that we're immune from errors in thinking that afflict other people |
| Appeal to Authority Fallacy | the error of accepting a claim merely because an authority figure endorses it |
| Either-Or Fallacy | the error of framing a question as though we can only answer it in one of two extreme ways |
| Genetic Fallacy | the error of confusing the correctness of a belief with its time period of origin |
| Argument from Antiquity Fallacy | the error of assuming that a belief must be valid because it's been around for a long time |
| Appeal to Ignorance Fallacy | the error of assuming a belief must be valid just because no one has shown it to be false |
| Hasty Generalization Fallacy | the error of drawing a conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence |
| Bias Blind Spot | phenomenon where one is unaware of their own biases but keenly aware of biases within others |
| Scientific Skepticism | the approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them |
| Critical Thinking | a set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion |
| Correlation-Causation Fallacy | the error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another that it must cause the other |
| Variable | anything that can vary |
| Falsifiability | capabile of being disproved |
| Replicability | when a study's findings are able to be duplicated |
| Decline Effect | the fact that the size of certain psychological findings seem to be shrinking over time |
| Prefrontal Lobotomy | surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobe of the brain from the underlying thalamus |
| System I Thinking | Intuitive thinking; thinking that doesn't require much mental effort |
| System II Thinking | Analytical thinking; a slow and reflective thinking that requires mental effort |
| Heuristic | a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps streamline our thinking and make sense of the world |
| Naturalistic Observation | watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation |
| External Validity | the extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings |
| Internal Valdity | the extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study |
| Case Study | a research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended period of time |
| Existence Proof | a demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur |
| Random Selection | a procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate |
| Reliability | the consistency of measurement |
| Test-Retest Reliability | when a test yields similar scores over time |
| Interrater Reliability | the extent to which different observers agree on the characteristics they're measuring |
| Validity | the extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure |
| Response Set | the tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items |
| Correlational Design | a research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated |
| Scatterplot | a grouping of points on a two-dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person's data |
| Illusory Correlation | the perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists |
| Experiement | a research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable |
| Random Assignment | randomly sorting participants into groups |
| Experimental Group | the group that receives the manipulation |
| Control Group | the group that doesn't receive manipulation |
| Independent Variable | the variable that an experimenter manipulates |
| Dependent Variable | the variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect |
| Operational Definition | a working definition of what a researcher is measuring |
| Placebo Effect | improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement |
| Blind | unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group |
| Nocebo Effect | harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm |
| Rosenthal Effect (Experimenter Expectancy Effect) | a phenomenon in which researchers' hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study |
| Double Blind | when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who's in the experimental or control group |
| Demand Characteristics | cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypotheses |
| Informed Consent | informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate |
| Statistics | the application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data |
| Descriptive Statistics | the numerical characterizations that describe data |
| Central Tendency | measure of the "central" scores in a data set of where the group tends to cluster |
Created by:
clari.nellie
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