New FA Biochem 5
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| show | Reactants: 1. Glucose 2. 2 Phosphates 3. 2 ADP 4. 2 NAD Products: 1. 2 Pyruvate 2. 2 ATP 3. 2 NADH 4. 2 H+ 5. 2 H20
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| show | 1. Hexokinase (Glucose to Glucose-6-P) 2. *Phosphofructokinase-1 (Fructose-6-P to Fructose-1,6-BP) 3. Pyruvate kinase (Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate)4. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA)
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| show | PFK-1 1-phosphorylates fructose-6-phosphate to produce Fructose-1,6-BP. Inhibited by: 1. ATP (plenty of me) 2. Citrate (my cycle's going well) Stimulated by: 1. AMP (more ATP please) 2. Fructose-2,6-BP (making me means there's tons of glucose already)
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| Pyruvate kinase: What does it do, and what stimulates and inhibits it? | show 🗑
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| Pyruvate dehydrogenase: What does it do, and what stimulates and inhibits it? | show 🗑
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| What disease state is glycolytic enzyme deficiency generally associated with? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Lack of glycolysis leads to lack of ATP in RBCs. 2. Lack of ATP leads to inactivity of Na, K-ATPase pump. 3. Lack of the pump leads to sodium influx. 4. Water follows sodium into the cell. 5. The cell swells and bursts.
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| show | Pyruvate kinase (95% of cases) followed by glucose phosphate isomerase (4% of cases)
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| What are the 5 cofactors necessary for pyrvuate dehydrogenase? | show 🗑
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| What are the 5 cofactors necessary for alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase? | show 🗑
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| What are the net reactants and products in the reaction that Pyruvate Dehydrogenase catalyzes? | show 🗑
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| show | Activated by exercise, which stimulates: 1. Increased NAD/NADH ratio (need more NADH) 2. Increased ADP (need more ATP) 3. Ca2+ (I tell PDH in mito we need more ATP) Inhibited by: 1. NADH (plenty of me) 2. ATP (ditto) 3. Acetyl CoA (ditto)
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| show | Lipoamide
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| show | Lipoate (Lipoic acid)
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| show | Arsenic
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| What is the presentation of arsenic toxicity? | show 🗑
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| show | Backup of pyruvate and alanine leads to lactic acidosis.
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| show | Both. Acquired cases happen in cases of B1 deficiency (such as in alcoholics.)
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| show | Lactic acidosis and neurologic defects
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| show | Increased intake of ketogenic nutrients (such as high fat content or increased lysine and leucine)
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| What are the miscellaneous fates of pyruvate, and what are the end products used for? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. RBCs and WBCs 2. Lens and cornea 3. Renal medulla 4. Testes
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| show | Enzyme: Alanine Transaminase (ALT) Cofactors: None
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| What enzymes and cofactors are used in conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate? | show 🗑
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| What are the reactants and products in the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase? | show 🗑
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| show | This reaction is reversible, so the products can switch with the reactants. Reactants: 1. Pyruvate 2. NADH (rehydrogenates in this direction) 3. H+ Products: 1. Lactate 2. NAD
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| show | Cytosol: 1. ALT (Alanine to/from pyruvate) 2. LDH (Lactate to/from pyruvate) Mitochondria: 1. Pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate to oxaloacetate) 2. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate to acetyl-CoA)
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| show | In the liver and muscle/RBCs Liver: Pyruvate converts to glucose Muscle/RBCs: Glucose converts to Pyruvate
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| show | Transfers excess reducing equivalents from RBCs and the muscle to liver so they can function anaerobically
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| show | Oxaloacetate and acetyl coA combine to yield citrate.
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| What is the order of the citric acid cycle beginning at citrate? | show 🗑
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| show | Stimulate: Nothing Inhibit: ATP
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| What stimulates and inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase? | show 🗑
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| What stimulates and inhibits alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase? | show 🗑
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| Which steps in the citric acid cycle produce CO2? | show 🗑
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| show | The only step that produces FADH2 is the only one that also yields an F product. 1. Isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate (1 NADH) 2. alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl coA (1 NADH) 3. Succinate to Fumarate (1 FADH2) 4. Malate to Oxaloacetate (1 NADH)
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| Which steps in the citric acid cycle produce ATP? | show 🗑
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| show | 12 ATP. 3 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH= 9 ATP 1 FADH2 x 2 ATP/FADH2 = 2 ATP 1 GTP x 1 ATP/GTP = 1 ATP
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| show | 24 ATP. 1 cycle: 3 ATP/NADH= 9 ATP 1 FADH2 x 2 ATP/FADH2 = 2 ATP 1 GTP x 1 ATP/GTP = 1 ATP The total is 12 ATP per acetyl coA. However, there are 2 acetyl coA molecules produced per glucose molecule. Thus the total is 24.
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