AP Bio Chapter 5
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| Macromolecule | A molecule weighing over 100,000 daltons
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| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds
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| Monomers | The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of polymers
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| Condensation Reaction | Monomers connected through a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule
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| Dehydration Reaction | A specific type of condesation reaction because the molecule lost is water
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| Hydrolysis | The reverse process of a dehydration reaction
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| Monosaccharides | Generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of CH2O
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| Disaccharide | Two molecules joined by a glycosidic linkage
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| Glycosidic Linkage | A covalent bond formed between two monsaccharides by a dehydration reaction
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| Polysaccharides | Macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
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| Starch | A storage polysaccharide of plants
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| Cellulose | A polysaccharide that is a major component in the tough walls that enclose plants
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| Chitin | A polysaccharide used by arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans, and related animals) to build their exoskeleton
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| Fat | Constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
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| Fatty Acid | Has a long carbon skeleton, usually 16 to 18 carbon atoms in length with a carboxyl group at the "head."
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| Triacylglycerol | Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
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| Saturated Fatty Acid | No double bonds in a fatty acid
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| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | Double bonds exist in a fatty acid
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| Phospholipids | Similar to fats, but have only two fatty acids instead of three
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| Steroids | Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
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| Cholesterol | A common component of animal cell membranes and also a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
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| Conformation | Each protein has it's own unique three-dimensional shape
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| Polypeptides | Polymers of amino acids
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| Amino Acids | Organic molecules containing both carboxyl and amino groups
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| Peptide Bond | Joining of amino acids through dehydration reaction of their carboxyl groups
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| Primary Structure | A protein's unique sequence of amino acids
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| Secondary Structure | Coils or folds in a polypeptide chain
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| Alpha Helix | A delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid
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| Pleated Sheet | Two regions of the polypeptide chain lie parallel to each other
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| Tertiary Structure | Irregular contortions from bonding between side chains of the various amino acids
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| Hydrophobic Interaction | Amino acids may tend to congregate towards the core of the molecule, away from water
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| Disulfide Bridges | When two cysteine monomers (amino acids with sulfhydral groups on their side chains) are brought close together by the folding of the protein
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| Quarternary Structure | The overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide subunits
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| Denaturation | If a protein loses its native conformation
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| Chaperone Proteins | Molecules that function as temporary braces assisting the folding of other proteins
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Enables living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next. Also directs RNA synthesis
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| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | Controls protein synthesis
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| Nucleotide | Composed of: an organic molecule called a nitrogenous base, a pentose (five-carbon sugar), and a phosphate group
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| Pyrimidine | A nitrogenous base with a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
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| Purine | A nitrogenous base with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
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| Ribose | The pentose in nucleotides of RNA
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| Deoxyribose | The pentose in nucleotides of DNA
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| Polynucleotide | A nucleic acid polymer
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| Double Helix | The shape taken on by the two polynucleotides in DNA
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