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AP Bio Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Macromolecule | A molecule weighing over 100,000 daltons |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds |
| Monomers | The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of polymers |
| Condensation Reaction | Monomers connected through a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule |
| Dehydration Reaction | A specific type of condesation reaction because the molecule lost is water |
| Hydrolysis | The reverse process of a dehydration reaction |
| Monosaccharides | Generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of CH2O |
| Disaccharide | Two molecules joined by a glycosidic linkage |
| Glycosidic Linkage | A covalent bond formed between two monsaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
| Polysaccharides | Macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages |
| Starch | A storage polysaccharide of plants |
| Cellulose | A polysaccharide that is a major component in the tough walls that enclose plants |
| Chitin | A polysaccharide used by arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans, and related animals) to build their exoskeleton |
| Fat | Constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids |
| Fatty Acid | Has a long carbon skeleton, usually 16 to 18 carbon atoms in length with a carboxyl group at the "head." |
| Triacylglycerol | Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | No double bonds in a fatty acid |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | Double bonds exist in a fatty acid |
| Phospholipids | Similar to fats, but have only two fatty acids instead of three |
| Steroids | Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
| Cholesterol | A common component of animal cell membranes and also a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized |
| Conformation | Each protein has it's own unique three-dimensional shape |
| Polypeptides | Polymers of amino acids |
| Amino Acids | Organic molecules containing both carboxyl and amino groups |
| Peptide Bond | Joining of amino acids through dehydration reaction of their carboxyl groups |
| Primary Structure | A protein's unique sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary Structure | Coils or folds in a polypeptide chain |
| Alpha Helix | A delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid |
| Pleated Sheet | Two regions of the polypeptide chain lie parallel to each other |
| Tertiary Structure | Irregular contortions from bonding between side chains of the various amino acids |
| Hydrophobic Interaction | Amino acids may tend to congregate towards the core of the molecule, away from water |
| Disulfide Bridges | When two cysteine monomers (amino acids with sulfhydral groups on their side chains) are brought close together by the folding of the protein |
| Quarternary Structure | The overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide subunits |
| Denaturation | If a protein loses its native conformation |
| Chaperone Proteins | Molecules that function as temporary braces assisting the folding of other proteins |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Enables living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next. Also directs RNA synthesis |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | Controls protein synthesis |
| Nucleotide | Composed of: an organic molecule called a nitrogenous base, a pentose (five-carbon sugar), and a phosphate group |
| Pyrimidine | A nitrogenous base with a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms |
| Purine | A nitrogenous base with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring |
| Ribose | The pentose in nucleotides of RNA |
| Deoxyribose | The pentose in nucleotides of DNA |
| Polynucleotide | A nucleic acid polymer |
| Double Helix | The shape taken on by the two polynucleotides in DNA |
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