Response of missed pre-assessment questions
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| show | unconditioned stimulus (definition)
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| show | unconditioned response (definition)
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| Stimuli that have no effect on a particular response is a(n) _____________. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | conditioned stimulus (definition)
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| The process of repeatedly associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus in order to evoke a conditioned response is a(n) ___________. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The use of pleasant or unpleasant consequences to control the occurrence of behavior is a(n) _________. (definition) | show 🗑
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| An apparatus developed by B.F. Skinner for observing animal behavior in experiments of operant conditioning is a(n) ___________. | show 🗑
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| What is it called when a teacher reinforces a student who raises her hand to speak? | show 🗑
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| show | consequences (definition)
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| show | reinforcer (definition)
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| Food, water, or other consequence that satisfies a basic need. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | secondary reinforcer (definition)
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| Pleasurable consequence given to strengthen behavior. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | negative reinforcer (definition)
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| show | Premack Principle (definition)
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| show | negative reinforcement
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| Behaviors that a person enjoys engaging in for their own sake, without any other reward. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Praise or reward given to motivate people to engage in behavior that they might not do otherwise. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Examples of 10 reinforcements: | show 🗑
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| show | punisher
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| Unpleasant consequences used to weaken behavior. (definition) | show 🗑
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| An unpleasant consequence that a person tries to avoid or escape. (definition) | show 🗑
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| An aversive stimulus following a behavior, used to decrease the chances that the behavior will occur again. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Withdrawal of a pleasant consequence that may be reinforcing a behavior, designed to decrease the chances that the behavior will recur. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Procedure of charging misbehaving students against their free time or other privileges. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Procedure of removing a student from a situation in which misbehavior was being reinforced. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | shaping (definition)
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| The weakening and eventual elimination of a learned behavior as reinforcement is withdrawn. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The increase in levels of a behavior in the early stages of extinction. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The frequency and predictability of reinforcement. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | fixed-ratio (FR) schedule (definition)
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| Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following an unpredictable number of behaviors. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following a constant amount of time. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | variable-interval (VI) schedule (definition)
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| show | maintenance (definition)
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| When a teacher holds her hand up to get students' attention it is cueing, a(n) _____________ that informs students which behaviors will be reinforced. | show 🗑
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| show | antecedent stimulus (definition)
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| Signals as to which behavior(s) will be reinforced or punished. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | discrimination (definition)
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| show | generalization (definition)
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| show | modeling (definition)
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| Learning by observation and imitation of others. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Attentional phase
2. Retention phase
3. Reproduction
4. Motivational phase
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| show | learning from observing or hearing about another's experiences
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| Learning based on observation of the consequences of others' behavior. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | self-regulation (definition)
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| Procedures based on both behavioral and cognitive principles for changing one's own behavior by means of self-talk and self-instruction. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Behavioral learning theories apply best to ___________ (rather than thinking for example). | show 🗑
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| Explanations of learning that emphasize observable changes in behavior. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Learning theories that emphasize not only reinforcement but also the effects of cues on thought and of thought on action. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | cognitive learning theories (definition)
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| A change in an individual that results from experience. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Environmental conditions that activate the senses. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | Pavlov's work
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| Classical conditioning (who) | show 🗑
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| show | B.F. Skinner (who)
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| show | "Grandma's Rule"
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| Sit and Watch (who) | show 🗑
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| Social learning theory observational learning (who) | show 🗑
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| show | Meichenbaum (who)
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| show | development (definition)
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| show | continuous theories of development (definition)
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| Theories describing human development as occurring through a fixed sequence of distinct, predictable stages governed by inborn factors. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Gradual, orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Mental patterns that guide behavior. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The process of adjusting schemes in response to the environment by means of assimilation and accommodation. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | assimilation (definition)
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| Modifying existing schemes to fit new situations. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | constructivist approach
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| show | equilibration (definition)
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| View of cognitive development that emphasizes the active role of learners in building their own understanding of reality. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | sensorimotor stage (definition)
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| show | reflexes (definition)
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| Piaget's stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor | show 🗑
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| Piaget's stages of cognitive development: Preoperational | show 🗑
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| show | 7 to 11 years
Improvement in ability to think logically. New abilities include the use of operations that are reversible. Thinking is decentered, and problem solving is less restricted by egocentrism. Abstract thinking is not possible.
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| show | 11 years to adulthood
Abstract and purely symbolic thinking possible. Problems can be solved through the use of systematic experimentation.
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| Understanding that an object exists even if it is out of sight. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | preoperational stage (definition)
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| The concept that certain properties of an object (such as weight) remain the same regardless of changes in other properties (such as length). (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | centration (definition)
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| The ability to perform a mental operation and then reverse one's thinking to return to the starting point. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Believing that everyone views the world as you do. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Stage at which children develop the capacity for logical reasoning and understanding of conservation but can use these skills only in dealing with familiar situations. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | inferred reality (definition)
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| show | seriation (definition)
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| A skill learned during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development in which individuals can mentally arrange and compare objects. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Stage at which one can deal abstractly with hypothetical situations and reason logically. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Instruction felt to be adapted to the current developmental status of children (rather to their age alone). (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | sign systems (definition)
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| show | self-regulation (definition)
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| show | private speech (definition)
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| Level of development immediately above a person's present level. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Support for learning and problem solving; might include clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking down the problem into steps, providing an example, or anything else that allows the student to grow in independence as a learner. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | The zone of proximal development is the level of development just above where a student is presently functioning.
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| Knowledge and skills relating to reading that children usually develop from experience with books and other print media before the beginning of formal reading instruction in school. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | Piaget (who)
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| psychologist - 2 key ideas: 1. proposed that intellectual development can be understood only in terms of the historical and cultural contexts children experienc. 2 beleived that development depends on the sign systems that individuals grow up with. (who) | show 🗑
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| show | information-processing theory (definition)
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| Component of the memory system in which information is received and held for very short periods of time. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A person's interpretation of stimuli. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | attention (definition)
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| show | short-term or working memory (definition)
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| Mental repetition of information, which can improve its retention. (definition) | show 🗑
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| organizing material into familiar patterns can help students with what? | show 🗑
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| show | long-term memory (definition)
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| show | episodic memory (definition)
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| show | semantic memory (definition)
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| A part of long-term memory that stores information about how to do things. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | flashbulb memory (definition)
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| show | schemata (definition)
schema is the singular term
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| Explanation of memory that links recall of a stimulus with the amount of mental processing it receives. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Theory suggesting that information coded both visually and verbally is remembered better than information coded in only one of those two ways. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Inhibition of recall of certain information by the presence of other information in memory. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | retroactive inhibition (definition)
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| show | proactive inhibition (definition)
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| show | proactive facilitation (definition)
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| Increased comprehension of previously learned information because of the acquisition of new information. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The tendency for items at the beginning of a list to be recalled more easily than other items. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | recency effect (definition)
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| show | automaticity (definition)
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| Technique in which facts or skills to be learned are repeated often over a concentrated period of time. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | distributed practice (definition)
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| A learning process in which individuals physically carry out tasks. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Learning of words (or facts expressed in words). (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | paired-associate learning (definition)
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| show | serial learning (definition)
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| show | free-recall learning (definition)
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| show | imagery (definition)
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| show | mnemonics (definition)
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| show | keyword method (definition)
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| show | loci method (definition)
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| A strategy for memorization in which images are used to link lists of fats to a familiar set of words or numbers. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | initial-letter strategies (definition)
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| show | rote learning (definition)
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| show | meaningful learning (definition)
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| Learned information that could be applied to a wide range of situations but whose use is limited to restricted, often artificial, applications. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | schema theory (definition)
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| Knowledge about one's own learning or about how to learn ("thinking about thinking"). (definition) | show 🗑
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| Methods for learning, studying, or solving problems. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Learning strategies that call on students to ask themselves who, what, where, and how questions as they read material. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A study strategy that requires decisions about what to write. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | summarizing (definition)
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| show | outlining (definition)
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| Diagramming main ideas and the connections between them. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A study strategy that has students preview, question, read, reflect, recite, and review material. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | advance organizers (definition)
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| Images, concepts, or narratives that compare new material to information students already understand. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | elaboration (definition)
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| show | treatment (definition)
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| Something that can have more than one value. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Procedure used to test the effect of a treatment. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | random assignment (definition)
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| Experiment in which conditions are highly controlled. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | internal validity (definition)
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| Experiment conducted under realistic conditions in which individuals are assigned by chance to receive different practical treatments or programs. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Group that receives treatment during an experiment. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Group that receives no special treatment during an experiment. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Degree to which results of an experiment can be applied to real-life situations. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Experiment that studies a treatment's effect on one person or one group by contrasting behavior before, during,m and after application of the treatment. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Research into the relationships between variables as they naturally occur. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | positive correlation (definition)
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| show | negative correlation (definition)
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| Variables for which there is no relationship between levels of one compared to another. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | descriptive research (definition)
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| show | action research (definition)
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| Policies in which struggling children are given intensive assistance and evaluated for possible special-education services only if they fail to respond. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | PREVENTION
whole class teaching
whole class reforms
improve classroom management
80%
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| Tier 2: | show 🗑
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| show | INTENSIVE INTERVENTION
1-1 or small group tutoring
additional time(after school, etc.)
provide intensive behavioral supports
5% of struggling students
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| show | full inclusion (definition)
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| General aptitude for learning, often measured by the ability to deal with abstractions and to solve problems. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | intelligence quotient (IQ) (definition)
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| In Gardner's theory of intelligence, a person's nin separate abilities: logical/mathematical, linguistic, musical, naturalist, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and existential. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Interaction of individual differences in learning with particular teaching methods. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A model of effective instruction that focuses on elements teachers can directly control: quality, appropriateness, incentive, and time. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | tracks (definition)
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| The practice of grouping students in separate classes according to ability level. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | within-class ability grouping (definition)
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| A focus on having students in mixed-ability groups and holding them to high standards but providing may ways for students to reach those standards. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | regrouping (definition)
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| A regrouping method in which students are grouped across grade lines for reading instruction. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Programs, generally at the primary level, that combine children of different ages in the same class. Also called cross-age grouping programs. (definition) | show 🗑
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| An approach to teaching that adapts the content, level, pace, and products of instruction to accommodate different needs of diverse students in regular classes. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The desire to experience success and to participate in activities in which success depends on personal effort and abilities. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The goals of students who are motivated primarily by desire for knowledge acquisition and self-improvement. Also called mastery goals. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The goals of students who are motivated primarily by a desire to gain recognition from others and to earn good grades. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The expectation, based on experience, that one's actions will ultimately lead to failure. (definition) | show 🗑
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| The influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Basic requirements for physical and psychological well-being as identified by Maslow. (definition) | show 🗑
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| Needs for knowing, appreciating, and understanding, which people try to satisfy after their basic needs are met. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | self-actualization (definition)
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| A theory of motivation that focuses on how people explain the causes of their own successes and failures. (definition) | show 🗑
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| A personality trait that determines whether people attribute responsibility for their own failure or success to internal or external factors. (definition) | show 🗑
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| show | expectancy theory (definition)
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| show | expectancy-valence model (definition)
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