Urinary A&P
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| *Consists of glomerulus w/ afferent and efferent arterioles, Bowman's capsule, loop of henle, distal tubule and collecting ducts *Ducts= papillae --> empty to calices (3) --> drain calices into renal pelvis *Corticol and juxtamedullary | Nephrons
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| *Monitored in diabetics *Used to detect early signs of kidney damage | Microalbumin in the urine
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| (Def:) Chronic Kidney Disease | Presence of persistent and usually progreessive reduction in GFR
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| *Dx and Tx of acute and chronic renal disease *Monitored with renal transplants * >6 = monitor for dialysis >10 = dialysis | Creatinine
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| *Used to test for evaluation of kidney function *Adult females 8-24mg/dl Adult males 6-21mg/dl | BUN
(blood urea nitrogen)
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| *Average urine _1__/24hrs *Urine Ph __2__ | 1. 1500L
2. 6.0
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| Composition of urine | 95% waste
Nitrogenous waste and creatinine
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| Result of deficient ADH | Diabetes Insipidous
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| *Secreted by pituitary gland *Against diuresis *Works on collecting duct to determine its permeability to H20 | ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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| *Changes angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 *In blood but mostly found in lungs | Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
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| *Angiotensin 1 is activated by the __1__ sytem *Secreted by __2__ | 1. Renin-angiotensin
2. Liver
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| *Secreted by juxtaglomerular apparatus in afferent arterioles *Secreted when low blood volume is sensed | Renin
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| *Secreted by adrenal cortex *Acts on distal tube of kidney *"Salt retaining" hormone | Aldosterone
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| Aldosterone stimulates reabsorbtion of __1__ and __2__ and excretion of __3__ | 1.Sodium
2.Water
3.Potassium
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| H20 and substances enter tubules from 1. 2. 3. | 1.Glomerulus
2.Bowman's Capsule
3.Tubules
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| __1__ is actively transported from tubules to capillaries __2__ and __3__ passively follow (1) | 1.Sodium
2.Water
3.Chloride
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| *50% of __1__ gets absorbed *__2__ is not absorbed at all | 1.Urea
2.Creatinine
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| __1__ is completely reabsorbed and should not be found in urine | 1.Glucose
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| Where is most filtrate reabsorbed | Proximal tubule
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| Decreased GFR with age -Drugs and IV fluids | Increased risk for drug overdose
Increased risk for FVO --> CHF
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| Rate at which filtration occurs | GFR (glomerular filtration rate)
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| Protein in urine indicates what? | Abnormal nephron function
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| *Small molecules that move through pores, filtered by glomerulus #1.-7. *Large molecules that stay in the glomerulus (filtrate) #8.-9. | 1.Water 2.Sodium
3.Potassium 4. Chloride
5. Glucose 6. Uric Acid 7.Creatinine
8.RBC's
9.Proteins
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| The process of urine formation | Glomerular filtration --> Tubular reabsorbtion --> Tubular secretion
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| Where urine is formed | Nephron units
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| Passes through penis/opens anterior to vagina Females 3-4cm Males about 20cm | Urethra
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| Males: below bladder neck, surrounds urethra posteriorly and laterally | Prostate gland
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| Weakening of external sphincter and decreased ability to detect full bladder: leads to | Incontinence
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| Less effective bladder contraction leads to __1__ Which means and increased risk for __2__ | 1.Urinary retention (residual urine)
2.Bladder infection
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| *Segment most distal from bladder *At anterior urethra *Portion that is under voluntary control | External urinary sphincter
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| Bladder neck contains bundles of involuntary smooth muscle that forms a portion of the __1__ , known as the __2__ | 1.Urethral sphinter
2.Internal sphincter
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| *Specialized layer of the bladder. *Transitional cell epithelium, contains membrane impermeable to water *Prevents urine reabsorbtion | Urothelium
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| The Bladder: *Hollow area called the __1__, which is characterized by folded tissue called __2__ (wrinkles when empty) | 1.Vesicle
2.Rugae
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| *Sac behind pubic bone *Adult capacity is 300-600ml of urine *In infancy, this is found in the abdomen | Bladder
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| Movement of urine from the renal pelives --> ureters --> bladder is facilitated by | Paristaltic waves
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| *Lining of the ureters is made up of __1__ -transitional cell epithelium *Prevents reabsorbtion of urine | Uratothelium
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| Which ureter is shorter? | Left
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| What keeps the ureterovesical junction closed during micturition? | Increased intravesical pressure
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| Another term for voiding | Micturition
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| *Retrograde/backward movement of urine *Efflux of urine | Vesicoureteral reflux
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| Angling of this prevents vesicoureteral reflux | Ureeterovesical juntion
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| *Long, fibromuscular tube connecting kidneys to the bladder *Narrow, muscular. Originates in lower renal pelvis *Terminates in the trigone of bladder wall | Ureter/ureters
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| (10) kidney functions | 1.Urine formation
2.Excretion of waste
3.Regulates electrolytes
4.Regulates acid-base balance
5.Controls H20 balance
6.Controls BP
7.Regulates RBC production
8.Renal clearance
9.Synthesis of vit D to active form
10.Secretion of prostaglandins
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| *Distal tubule merges to form this *Runs through renal medulla to renal pelvis *Where urine is formed | Collecting ducts
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| *Ascending limb becomes this *Merges to form the collecting ducts | Distal tubule
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| *Contains descending and ascending limb *Ascending limb becomes the distal tubule | Loop of Henle
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| Hair-pin shaped structure at bottom of proximal convoluted tubule | Loop of Henle
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| *Bowman's capsule extends and becoomes this *Goes down to form Loop of Henle | Proximal convoluted tubule
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| *C-shaped structure *Surrounds cluster of capillaries *Extends from glomerulus down the proximal convoluted tubule | Bowman's capsule
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| 1.Endothelium 2.Basement membrane 3.Epithelium | Three filtering layers of glomerulus
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| Kidneys decrease at a rate of __1__% per year after the age of __2__ | 1.1%
2.30 years
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| *Glomerular membrane allows __1__ and small molecules. *Limit larger, such as __2__ and __3__ | 1.Filtration
2.Albumin
3.Blood cells
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| *Sits adjacent to the medulla *Part of nephrons | Juxtamedullary nephron
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| *Found in the cortex of the kidney *Part of nephrons | Corticol nephron
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| *Each kidney contains 1 million of these *They are functional *Makes each kidney able to provide adequate renal funtiion if the other cannot | Nephrons
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| Renal Pelvis: *Afferent arteriole branches off to form the __1__, which is the __2__; responsible for glomerular filtration. Blood leaves __3__ through efferent arteriole to inferior vena cava | 1.Glomerulus
2.Capillary bed
3.Glomerulus
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| Hylum/pelvis is the concave portion of the kidney through which the renal artery enters and the renal vein exits | Renal pelvis
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| *Divided into medulla and cortex *Cortex: glomeruli, proximal/distal tubules, corticol collecting ducts and peritubular capillaries *Medulla: resembles clonical pyramids | The renal parenchyma
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| *Brownish red *On posterior abdominal wall *Behind and outside the peritoneal cavity *Parenchyma and pelvis regions | Kidneys
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| Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra make up the | Urinary system
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