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Urinary A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| *Consists of glomerulus w/ afferent and efferent arterioles, Bowman's capsule, loop of henle, distal tubule and collecting ducts *Ducts= papillae --> empty to calices (3) --> drain calices into renal pelvis *Corticol and juxtamedullary | Nephrons |
| *Monitored in diabetics *Used to detect early signs of kidney damage | Microalbumin in the urine |
| (Def:) Chronic Kidney Disease | Presence of persistent and usually progreessive reduction in GFR |
| *Dx and Tx of acute and chronic renal disease *Monitored with renal transplants * >6 = monitor for dialysis >10 = dialysis | Creatinine |
| *Used to test for evaluation of kidney function *Adult females 8-24mg/dl Adult males 6-21mg/dl | BUN (blood urea nitrogen) |
| *Average urine _1__/24hrs *Urine Ph __2__ | 1. 1500L 2. 6.0 |
| Composition of urine | 95% waste Nitrogenous waste and creatinine |
| Result of deficient ADH | Diabetes Insipidous |
| *Secreted by pituitary gland *Against diuresis *Works on collecting duct to determine its permeability to H20 | ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
| *Changes angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 *In blood but mostly found in lungs | Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) |
| *Angiotensin 1 is activated by the __1__ sytem *Secreted by __2__ | 1. Renin-angiotensin 2. Liver |
| *Secreted by juxtaglomerular apparatus in afferent arterioles *Secreted when low blood volume is sensed | Renin |
| *Secreted by adrenal cortex *Acts on distal tube of kidney *"Salt retaining" hormone | Aldosterone |
| Aldosterone stimulates reabsorbtion of __1__ and __2__ and excretion of __3__ | 1.Sodium 2.Water 3.Potassium |
| H20 and substances enter tubules from 1. 2. 3. | 1.Glomerulus 2.Bowman's Capsule 3.Tubules |
| __1__ is actively transported from tubules to capillaries __2__ and __3__ passively follow (1) | 1.Sodium 2.Water 3.Chloride |
| *50% of __1__ gets absorbed *__2__ is not absorbed at all | 1.Urea 2.Creatinine |
| __1__ is completely reabsorbed and should not be found in urine | 1.Glucose |
| Where is most filtrate reabsorbed | Proximal tubule |
| Decreased GFR with age -Drugs and IV fluids | Increased risk for drug overdose Increased risk for FVO --> CHF |
| Rate at which filtration occurs | GFR (glomerular filtration rate) |
| Protein in urine indicates what? | Abnormal nephron function |
| *Small molecules that move through pores, filtered by glomerulus #1.-7. *Large molecules that stay in the glomerulus (filtrate) #8.-9. | 1.Water 2.Sodium 3.Potassium 4. Chloride 5. Glucose 6. Uric Acid 7.Creatinine 8.RBC's 9.Proteins |
| The process of urine formation | Glomerular filtration --> Tubular reabsorbtion --> Tubular secretion |
| Where urine is formed | Nephron units |
| Passes through penis/opens anterior to vagina Females 3-4cm Males about 20cm | Urethra |
| Males: below bladder neck, surrounds urethra posteriorly and laterally | Prostate gland |
| Weakening of external sphincter and decreased ability to detect full bladder: leads to | Incontinence |
| Less effective bladder contraction leads to __1__ Which means and increased risk for __2__ | 1.Urinary retention (residual urine) 2.Bladder infection |
| *Segment most distal from bladder *At anterior urethra *Portion that is under voluntary control | External urinary sphincter |
| Bladder neck contains bundles of involuntary smooth muscle that forms a portion of the __1__ , known as the __2__ | 1.Urethral sphinter 2.Internal sphincter |
| *Specialized layer of the bladder. *Transitional cell epithelium, contains membrane impermeable to water *Prevents urine reabsorbtion | Urothelium |
| The Bladder: *Hollow area called the __1__, which is characterized by folded tissue called __2__ (wrinkles when empty) | 1.Vesicle 2.Rugae |
| *Sac behind pubic bone *Adult capacity is 300-600ml of urine *In infancy, this is found in the abdomen | Bladder |
| Movement of urine from the renal pelives --> ureters --> bladder is facilitated by | Paristaltic waves |
| *Lining of the ureters is made up of __1__ -transitional cell epithelium *Prevents reabsorbtion of urine | Uratothelium |
| Which ureter is shorter? | Left |
| What keeps the ureterovesical junction closed during micturition? | Increased intravesical pressure |
| Another term for voiding | Micturition |
| *Retrograde/backward movement of urine *Efflux of urine | Vesicoureteral reflux |
| Angling of this prevents vesicoureteral reflux | Ureeterovesical juntion |
| *Long, fibromuscular tube connecting kidneys to the bladder *Narrow, muscular. Originates in lower renal pelvis *Terminates in the trigone of bladder wall | Ureter/ureters |
| (10) kidney functions | 1.Urine formation 2.Excretion of waste 3.Regulates electrolytes 4.Regulates acid-base balance 5.Controls H20 balance 6.Controls BP 7.Regulates RBC production 8.Renal clearance 9.Synthesis of vit D to active form 10.Secretion of prostaglandins |
| *Distal tubule merges to form this *Runs through renal medulla to renal pelvis *Where urine is formed | Collecting ducts |
| *Ascending limb becomes this *Merges to form the collecting ducts | Distal tubule |
| *Contains descending and ascending limb *Ascending limb becomes the distal tubule | Loop of Henle |
| Hair-pin shaped structure at bottom of proximal convoluted tubule | Loop of Henle |
| *Bowman's capsule extends and becoomes this *Goes down to form Loop of Henle | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| *C-shaped structure *Surrounds cluster of capillaries *Extends from glomerulus down the proximal convoluted tubule | Bowman's capsule |
| 1.Endothelium 2.Basement membrane 3.Epithelium | Three filtering layers of glomerulus |
| Kidneys decrease at a rate of __1__% per year after the age of __2__ | 1.1% 2.30 years |
| *Glomerular membrane allows __1__ and small molecules. *Limit larger, such as __2__ and __3__ | 1.Filtration 2.Albumin 3.Blood cells |
| *Sits adjacent to the medulla *Part of nephrons | Juxtamedullary nephron |
| *Found in the cortex of the kidney *Part of nephrons | Corticol nephron |
| *Each kidney contains 1 million of these *They are functional *Makes each kidney able to provide adequate renal funtiion if the other cannot | Nephrons |
| Renal Pelvis: *Afferent arteriole branches off to form the __1__, which is the __2__; responsible for glomerular filtration. Blood leaves __3__ through efferent arteriole to inferior vena cava | 1.Glomerulus 2.Capillary bed 3.Glomerulus |
| Hylum/pelvis is the concave portion of the kidney through which the renal artery enters and the renal vein exits | Renal pelvis |
| *Divided into medulla and cortex *Cortex: glomeruli, proximal/distal tubules, corticol collecting ducts and peritubular capillaries *Medulla: resembles clonical pyramids | The renal parenchyma |
| *Brownish red *On posterior abdominal wall *Behind and outside the peritoneal cavity *Parenchyma and pelvis regions | Kidneys |
| Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra make up the | Urinary system |
Created by:
Paigeleaw
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