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Urinary A&P
Question | Answer |
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*Consists of glomerulus w/ afferent and efferent arterioles, Bowman's capsule, loop of henle, distal tubule and collecting ducts *Ducts= papillae --> empty to calices (3) --> drain calices into renal pelvis *Corticol and juxtamedullary | Nephrons |
*Monitored in diabetics *Used to detect early signs of kidney damage | Microalbumin in the urine |
(Def:) Chronic Kidney Disease | Presence of persistent and usually progreessive reduction in GFR |
*Dx and Tx of acute and chronic renal disease *Monitored with renal transplants * >6 = monitor for dialysis >10 = dialysis | Creatinine |
*Used to test for evaluation of kidney function *Adult females 8-24mg/dl Adult males 6-21mg/dl | BUN (blood urea nitrogen) |
*Average urine _1__/24hrs *Urine Ph __2__ | 1. 1500L 2. 6.0 |
Composition of urine | 95% waste Nitrogenous waste and creatinine |
Result of deficient ADH | Diabetes Insipidous |
*Secreted by pituitary gland *Against diuresis *Works on collecting duct to determine its permeability to H20 | ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
*Changes angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 *In blood but mostly found in lungs | Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) |
*Angiotensin 1 is activated by the __1__ sytem *Secreted by __2__ | 1. Renin-angiotensin 2. Liver |
*Secreted by juxtaglomerular apparatus in afferent arterioles *Secreted when low blood volume is sensed | Renin |
*Secreted by adrenal cortex *Acts on distal tube of kidney *"Salt retaining" hormone | Aldosterone |
Aldosterone stimulates reabsorbtion of __1__ and __2__ and excretion of __3__ | 1.Sodium 2.Water 3.Potassium |
H20 and substances enter tubules from 1. 2. 3. | 1.Glomerulus 2.Bowman's Capsule 3.Tubules |
__1__ is actively transported from tubules to capillaries __2__ and __3__ passively follow (1) | 1.Sodium 2.Water 3.Chloride |
*50% of __1__ gets absorbed *__2__ is not absorbed at all | 1.Urea 2.Creatinine |
__1__ is completely reabsorbed and should not be found in urine | 1.Glucose |
Where is most filtrate reabsorbed | Proximal tubule |
Decreased GFR with age -Drugs and IV fluids | Increased risk for drug overdose Increased risk for FVO --> CHF |
Rate at which filtration occurs | GFR (glomerular filtration rate) |
Protein in urine indicates what? | Abnormal nephron function |
*Small molecules that move through pores, filtered by glomerulus #1.-7. *Large molecules that stay in the glomerulus (filtrate) #8.-9. | 1.Water 2.Sodium 3.Potassium 4. Chloride 5. Glucose 6. Uric Acid 7.Creatinine 8.RBC's 9.Proteins |
The process of urine formation | Glomerular filtration --> Tubular reabsorbtion --> Tubular secretion |
Where urine is formed | Nephron units |
Passes through penis/opens anterior to vagina Females 3-4cm Males about 20cm | Urethra |
Males: below bladder neck, surrounds urethra posteriorly and laterally | Prostate gland |
Weakening of external sphincter and decreased ability to detect full bladder: leads to | Incontinence |
Less effective bladder contraction leads to __1__ Which means and increased risk for __2__ | 1.Urinary retention (residual urine) 2.Bladder infection |
*Segment most distal from bladder *At anterior urethra *Portion that is under voluntary control | External urinary sphincter |
Bladder neck contains bundles of involuntary smooth muscle that forms a portion of the __1__ , known as the __2__ | 1.Urethral sphinter 2.Internal sphincter |
*Specialized layer of the bladder. *Transitional cell epithelium, contains membrane impermeable to water *Prevents urine reabsorbtion | Urothelium |
The Bladder: *Hollow area called the __1__, which is characterized by folded tissue called __2__ (wrinkles when empty) | 1.Vesicle 2.Rugae |
*Sac behind pubic bone *Adult capacity is 300-600ml of urine *In infancy, this is found in the abdomen | Bladder |
Movement of urine from the renal pelives --> ureters --> bladder is facilitated by | Paristaltic waves |
*Lining of the ureters is made up of __1__ -transitional cell epithelium *Prevents reabsorbtion of urine | Uratothelium |
Which ureter is shorter? | Left |
What keeps the ureterovesical junction closed during micturition? | Increased intravesical pressure |
Another term for voiding | Micturition |
*Retrograde/backward movement of urine *Efflux of urine | Vesicoureteral reflux |
Angling of this prevents vesicoureteral reflux | Ureeterovesical juntion |
*Long, fibromuscular tube connecting kidneys to the bladder *Narrow, muscular. Originates in lower renal pelvis *Terminates in the trigone of bladder wall | Ureter/ureters |
(10) kidney functions | 1.Urine formation 2.Excretion of waste 3.Regulates electrolytes 4.Regulates acid-base balance 5.Controls H20 balance 6.Controls BP 7.Regulates RBC production 8.Renal clearance 9.Synthesis of vit D to active form 10.Secretion of prostaglandins |
*Distal tubule merges to form this *Runs through renal medulla to renal pelvis *Where urine is formed | Collecting ducts |
*Ascending limb becomes this *Merges to form the collecting ducts | Distal tubule |
*Contains descending and ascending limb *Ascending limb becomes the distal tubule | Loop of Henle |
Hair-pin shaped structure at bottom of proximal convoluted tubule | Loop of Henle |
*Bowman's capsule extends and becoomes this *Goes down to form Loop of Henle | Proximal convoluted tubule |
*C-shaped structure *Surrounds cluster of capillaries *Extends from glomerulus down the proximal convoluted tubule | Bowman's capsule |
1.Endothelium 2.Basement membrane 3.Epithelium | Three filtering layers of glomerulus |
Kidneys decrease at a rate of __1__% per year after the age of __2__ | 1.1% 2.30 years |
*Glomerular membrane allows __1__ and small molecules. *Limit larger, such as __2__ and __3__ | 1.Filtration 2.Albumin 3.Blood cells |
*Sits adjacent to the medulla *Part of nephrons | Juxtamedullary nephron |
*Found in the cortex of the kidney *Part of nephrons | Corticol nephron |
*Each kidney contains 1 million of these *They are functional *Makes each kidney able to provide adequate renal funtiion if the other cannot | Nephrons |
Renal Pelvis: *Afferent arteriole branches off to form the __1__, which is the __2__; responsible for glomerular filtration. Blood leaves __3__ through efferent arteriole to inferior vena cava | 1.Glomerulus 2.Capillary bed 3.Glomerulus |
Hylum/pelvis is the concave portion of the kidney through which the renal artery enters and the renal vein exits | Renal pelvis |
*Divided into medulla and cortex *Cortex: glomeruli, proximal/distal tubules, corticol collecting ducts and peritubular capillaries *Medulla: resembles clonical pyramids | The renal parenchyma |
*Brownish red *On posterior abdominal wall *Behind and outside the peritoneal cavity *Parenchyma and pelvis regions | Kidneys |
Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra make up the | Urinary system |