Chapter 9/10 - Carboxylic Acids/COOH Derivatives
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| carboxylic acids | compounds that have hydroxyl groups attached to carbonyl groups COOH
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| IUPAC system | add -oic acid to akyl root
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| COOH properties | polar so H bonding, electron withdrawing, high bp, acidic cuz of resonance and electron withdrawing groups, acidic alpha Hydrogens
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| Oxidation to get COOH | must be primary alcohol or aldehyde and use KMnO4
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| Grignard Reagents | Mg + ether or something organic
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| Carbonation | grignard reagent and CO2 and acid and water turn tertiary alkyl halides into COOH
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| Soap Formation | RCOOH + NaOH = salts/soaps that have polar head and nonpolar tail and water.
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| Micelle | spherical structure of soap molecules with polar sides faced out towards water and nonpolar sides faced inward
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| Nucleophilic Substitution | Nu attacks Carbon and electrons from double bond go to O, OH gets protonated to create good leaving group, water is displaced by Nu
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| Reduction of COOH | use LAH; to aldehyde or primary alcohol
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| Ester Formation | COOH gets protonated and then attacked by alcohol, under acidic conditions so OH to water and then deprotonate COOH
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| Acyl Halide Formation | COOH + SOCl2 = COCl; very reactive
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| Decarboxylation | CO2 is lost; keto carboxylic acids go thru this; it attacks itself; forms keto and enol
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| -oyl | C double bond O halides
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| Anhydrides | without water so 2 carboxylic acids put together (condensing/losing water)
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| Amides | RCONR2
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| Hoffman Rearrangement | amides to primary amines, loss of carbon
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| Esters | COOR
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| Saponification | making soap with NaOH from fats
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| tranesterification | transforms one ester into another
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| Esters treated with Grignard Reagent | makes a tertiary OH with ketone intermediate
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| Claisen Condensation | makes keto-ester
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| Reduction of esters | makes primary OH's
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