Med surg
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| an accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity | Ascites
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| difficulty swallowing | dysphagia
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| PUD | peptic ulcer disease
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| IBD | inflammatory bowel disease
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| GERD | Gastroesophageal reflux diease
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| ERCP | Endosopic retrograde pancreatography
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| EGD | Esophagoatroduodenum
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| BE | barium enema
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| surgical puncture to remove ascites | paracentesis or abdominocentsis
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| insertion of a tube in through the nose to the stomach | nasogastric intubation
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| visual examination of the GI tract where the esophagus, stomach,duodenum & upper part of jejunum is visible | EGD
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| X- ray examination of the biliary stem ,performed after the injection of a contrast into the bile ducts | ERCP
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| chronic inflammation of the colon w/presence of ulcers | ulcerative colitis
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| telescoping of the instestines | intussusception
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| swollen ,twisted varicos veins in the rectal region | hemorrhoids
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| abnormal pockets form within the intestinal wall | diverticulosis
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| open sores or lesions of the mucous membrane of he stomach | peptic ulcer
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| protrusion of the intestine through the muscle that normally contains it | hernia
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| solids & fluids return to the mouth from the stomach | GERD
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| failure of the lower esophageal sphincter muscle to relax | Achalasia
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| black tarry stools | melena
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| passage of fresh bright red blood from the rectum | Hematochezia
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| protrusion of the lower esophagus & stomach through the diaphragm into the chest | Hiatal hernia
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| Gastroesophageal junction is a above the hiatus, the stomach slides into the thoracic cavity when the pt reclines ,associatied w/GERD | sliding hernia
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| Gastroesophageal junction remains in place but the stomach slides up through the diaphragm through a secondary opening | rolling hernia
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| complications for hiatal hernias | ulceration's, bleeding & aspiration
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| causes for hiatal hernias | weakness of the muscles in the diaphragm
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| DX of hiatal hernias | barium studying and flourascopy
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| Stools that are frothy, bulky & high in fat content and tend to float | steatorrhea
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| intestinal paraysis | paralytic ileus
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| direct visualization of the stomach & duodenum | gastroscopy
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| air being instilled into the bowel | insufflation
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| polyps removed | polypectomy
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| immediate discomfort caused by over eating or eating foods that are not recommend after sx | dumping syndrome
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| protrusion of abd. content out of the body through the suture line | evisceration
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| surgical procedure to remove the entire stomach | gastrectomy
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| the place where the two ends of the digestive systems are join together / joining together of two normally distinct spaces or organs | anastomosis
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| opening into the colon | colostomy
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| opening into the ileum | ileostomy
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| artificially created opening b/w a body cavity & the body's surface | stoma
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| tooth decay | caries
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| heartburn, indigestion & Pyrosis | Dyspepsia
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| twisting of the bowel | volvulus
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| telescoping of the bowel | intusssusception
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| abd. cramps or spasms | tenesmus
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| abnormal channeling b/w loops of the bowel | fistula
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| inflammation of the peritneum | peritonitis
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| general ill health & malnutrition | cachexia
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| fatty stools that float | steatorrhea
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| belching | eruciation
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| direct visualization of the esophagus, stomach & duodenum | EGD
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| direct visualization of the colon | colonoscopy
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| inflammation of the liver caused by a virus | viral hepatitis
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| chronic degenerative disease of the liver | cirhosis
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| chronic inflammation of the colon w/ the presence of ulcers | ulcerative colitis
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| chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract | Crohn's disease
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| chronic progressive disease of the liver | cirrhosis
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| characteristics of cirrhosis | degeneration & destruction of the liver cells
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| how is cirrhosis described ? | compensate or decompensated
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| what type of symptoms do both types have | fiboris & nodules
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| this kind has ascities, variceal bleeding,encephalopathy & jaundice | decompensated cirrhosis
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| age range most prominent for cirrhorsis | 40-60
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| how many types of cirrhosis are there | 4
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| caused by alcohol , liver enlarges & then shrinks: not reversible | alcoholic cirrhosis
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| complication of hepatitis massive liver cells necrose | peostnecrotic cirrhosis
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| obstructive cirrhosis occurs as a result of the bile flow | biliary cirrhosis
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| result from severe right sided heart failure which leads to necrosis of liver cells | cardiac cirrhosis
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| mod s/s of cirrhosis | anorexia,n/v/d constipation,flatulence,dyspepsia,leukocytopenia,thromboycytopenia & prothrombin defiency
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| stools that are frothy, bulky & have high fat content | steatorrhea
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| what kind of orders are associated w/ acute pancreatitis | NPO sometimes w/NG tube LWS
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| when is pancreatitis strongly suspected | when the kidneys clear amylase more rapily then creatinene
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| late cause fo death w/ pancreatitis | sepsis & abscesses
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| early s/s of cirrhosis | slight wt loss,unexplained fever, fatigue, dull heaviness in RUQ
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| what are the early causes of death in pancreatitis | CV,renal or pulmonary
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| s/s of pseudocyst | n/v, abd. pain ,mass in epigrastric w/pain & anorexia
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| fluid filled pouch attached to the pancreas containing products of tissue destruction & pancreatic enzymes | pseudocyst
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| the abd. wall will present w/pancreatitis | tender& distended ,absent BS, green blue abd.wall
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| 4 blood test associated w/ pancreas | amylase,serum enzymes,serum calcium & triglycerides
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| s/s of pancreatitis | abd. pain sudden onset ULQ that radiates to the back , severe vomiting, flushing .cyanosis & dyspnea
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| what usually causes pancreatitis | obstruction of the pancreatic duct which can lead to pancreatic failure
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| what is chronic pancreatitis r/t | alcohol abuse
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| inflammation of the pancreas | pancreatitis
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| tx for hepatitis | NO CURE! TX symptomatically as needed w/ supportive individualized care
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| necrosis of the cells without regeneration which leads to liver failure & death often by heoatits | fulminate hepatitis
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| s/s persist longer then 6mo , liver damage may lead to cirrhosis | chronic active cirrhosis
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| prolonged recovery w/ continuing fatigue & liver enlargement that eventually resolves | chronic persistant hepatitis
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| direct visualization of the anus , rectum & sigmoid colon | sigmoidocopy
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| extended version of EGD plus direct visualization of the pancreatic ducts & biliary tract structures | ERCP
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| gallbladder series shows outline of the gallbladder & any existing stones | cholecystogram
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| substance com. used to cleanse the bowels for many procedures | GoLYTELY
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| abd.tap procedure to relieve ascites or for dx purposes | abd.paracentesis
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| inflammation of the mouth | stomatitis
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| motility disorder of the lower portion of the esophagus in which food cannot pass into the stomach | achalasia
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| failure of the cardiac sphincter, absences of effective or coordinated esophageal perislalsis chronic & progressive | achalasia
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| DX for achalasia | esophageal manometry measure & record motility patterns of esophagus or esophagoscopy to assist in dx
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| TX for achalasia | dilation of the cardiac sphincter to the point of weak to close
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| extreme or chronic irritation of the lower esophagus | barretts esophagus
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| stomach inflammation- indigestion,occurs in acute or chronic toxic forms | gastritis
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| open sore in the skin or mucous membrane that is accompanied by sloughing of inflamed & necrotic tissue | ulcer
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| break in the integrity of the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum | peptic ulcer
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| H-Pylori is strongly associated w/ | peptic ulcer
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| occurs when the ulcer penetrates the wall of the stomach or intestine allowing contents to escape into the abd. causing peritonitis | perforation
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| condition where outpouches (ruptures) occur along the intestinal wall | diverticulosis
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| occurs when the diverticula become inflamed usually bc of diverticula obstruction & bacterial invasion | diverticulititis
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| tx for diverticulosis & diverticulititis | dietary mg.medications & possible sx,abx
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| obstruction of the intestine | ileu
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| increased motility of the sm or lg intestine:functional | IBS
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| s/s of IBS | nausea, abd.pain & cramps, flatulence, altered bowel function,hypersecretion of colonic mucus
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| general term for ulcertive colitis & crohn's | IBD
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| inflammation & viceration of mucosa & submucosa ,spans the entire length of the colon most frequently begins in the rectum & distal colon | ulcerative colitis
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| occurs in any partof the intestinal tract most com.location is the terminal ileum ,inflammatory process of the entire thickness of the bowel wall | crohn's disease
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| absense of HCI in the stomach | achlorhydric
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| swallowing of air | aerophagia
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| pertaining to both the anus & rectum | anorectal
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| radiographic examination f the lower digestive system, using a liquid contrast to visualize | barium enema
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| gurgling sound heard as the gas passes through the liquid in the intestines | borborgmus
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| tumor of the bile duct | cholangioma
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| radiographic record of the gallbladder | cholecystegram
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| gallstone | cholelith
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| removal of gallstones through an incision of the bile duct | choledocholithotomy
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| surgical formation of an opening from the colon through the abd. wall to the outside | colostomy
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| inflammation of a sac-like bulge that may develop in the wall of the lg intestine | duverticulitis
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| surgical formation of an opening from the sm intestine through the abd.wall | enterostomy
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| rising of gas or acid from the stomac resulting in belching | eructation
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| anastomosis of the esophagus & jejunum | esophaojejunostomy
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| a fecal concentration ( stone of fecal material ) | fecalith
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| enlargement of the liver | hepatomegaly
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| white patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue or cheek | leukoplakice
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| extreme constipation | obstipation
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| a blood test to determine hepatic disorders | serum bilirubin
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| an artificial opening in this case one from the bowel through abd.wall | stoma
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| develops in parts of the GI tract that are exposed to HCI & pepsin | peptic ulcer disease
(PUD)
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| contents of the intestine are prevented from moving forward due to an obstacle or barrier that blocks the lumen | mechanical blockage
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| s/s of GERD | dyspepsia,eructation,dysphagia,halitosis,hematemesis &thoracodynia
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| vomiting of blood | hematemesis
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| chest pain | thoracodynia
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| s/s of GERD may follow | eating, drinking,bending over & laying down
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| GERD is more com. in | obesity & preganancy
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| TX for GERD | non-irritating diet,antacids, anti-ulcer drugs
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| diaphargmatic hernia | hiatal hernia(HH)
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| s/s of HH | dyspepsia, post-prandial dyspepsia & SOB
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| indigestion after meals | post-prandial dyspepsia
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| DX for HH | CXR & UGI barium swallow
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| TX for HH | avoidance of spicy foods , alcohol,caffeine, wt loss & abd. supports
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| hernioplasty | hernia repair
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| gastritis is usually caused by | NSAIDS,caffeine,tabacco,spicy foods ,alcohol & infection
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| DX for gastritis | gastroscopy & biopsy
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| s/s of gastritis | LUQ abd.pain & hematemesis
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| TX: gastritis | removal of irritants.antacids & anti-ulcer meds
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| primary symptom of PUD | abd.pain
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| PUD temporary reliefre | antacids & food
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| causes of PUD | poorly controlled stress, excessive production of HCI,excessive use of NSAIDS & H-pylori
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| Tx: PUD | Stress mg,reduction of irritants,anti-ulcer meds, antacids & abx therapy
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| s/s of perforation | extreme abd.pain ,hematemesis & melena
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| complications of PUD | peritonitis
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| ulcer perforation reguires | surgical repair
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| causes of gasteroenteritis | bacterial infections such as (ecoli,salmonela & listeria)chemical toxins & lactose intolerance
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| s/s of gasteroenteritis | colicky dysentery, n/v/d & pyrexia
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| spasm-like | colicky
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| dysentery | painful sm bowel
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| DX:gasteroenteritis | stool culture
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| TX:gasteroenteritis | IV hydration, abx, anti-emetics,anti-diarrheals & GI anti-spasmodics
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| inflammation of the appendix | appendicitis
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| s/s of appendicitis | N/V,pyrexia, leukocytosis &right inguinal rebound tenderness
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| Tx: appendicitis | appendectomy
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| complications of appendicitis | gangrene, appendorrhexis & peritonitis
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| rupture of the appendix | appendorrhexis
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| inability to absorb fat from the sm intestine | malabsorption syndrome
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| inability to absorb fat causes stool to become | unformed, fatty pale, pungent & floters
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| complications of malabsorptuion syndrome | inability to absorb vit-A,D,E&K
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| Tx: malabsorption | injectable Vit-A,D,E&K supplements
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| diverticulitis is an inflammation of | the diverticula
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| blister like pouches or sacs that develop in the lg intestine | diverticula
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| primary symptom of diverticulitis | LLQ cramps or pain
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| complications of diverticulitis | ileus & ancesses
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| DX: diverticulosis | BE
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| TX:diverticulosis | abx,increase fiber ,whole grains, leafy green veggies, decrease gas forming foods (legumes, peas & cabbage)
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| chronic idiopathic possibly autoimmune,IBD | Crohn's
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| crohn's usually DX b/w the ages | 20-40
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| crohn's may be exacerbated by | poorly controlled stress
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| s/s of crohn's | appendicitis-like pain, alternating bloddy diarrhea & constipation ,wt.loss,melena,anorexia & n/v
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| DX:crohn's | colonoscopy & biopsy
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| crohn's has periods of remission & exacerbation w/some ending results of | perforation & ileus
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| TX:crohn's | immuno-suppressants,SAIDS, abx & avoiding trigger foods
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| idiopathic,possibly autoimmune, ibd usually affecting the colon & rectum | chronic ulcerative colitis
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| chronic ulcerative colitis increases the risk for | colon malignancies
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| usually occurs in young adults es. women & usually begin b/w the ages | 15-20
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| s/s UC | sudden diarhea w/ pus & blood, cramplike pain in lower abd.,anemia from chronic blood loss
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| Dx:UC | colonoscopy & BE
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| Tx:colitis | lialda, stress mg,diet mod, ,ild sedation, corticosteroids, psychological counseling & colostomy
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| an ileus by a reduction of a peristaltic actvity | paralytic ileus
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| an ileus caused by the bowel twisting in on itself | volvulus(garden hose)
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| an ileus caused when the intestine telescopes on itself | intussusception (sock turned inside out)
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| an ileus can also be caused by | adhesions
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| tissue sticking together | adhesion
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| s/s of an ileus | severe abd. pain ,distended abd. vomiting & constipation
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| Dx: ileus | abd. CT
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| TX: ileus | laparoscopic bowel resection
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| IBS usually affects women b/w their | late teens and early 40's
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| s/s of IBS | sudden diarrhea, constipation abd. pain & flatulance
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| difference b/w IBS & other intestinal disorders | no lesions are present upon examination
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| IBS is a disorder of | motility & intestinal wall muscles spasms
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| Tx: for IBS | increasing fiber, avoiding caffeine,fatty foods,spicy foods, alcohol etc...citrus cabbage legumes, stress mg , GI antispasmmodics, anitdiarrheals & sedatives
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| cause of cirrhosis | alcohol, HBV or HCV drugs(tylenol, ibprofen & anithyperlipidemics)
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| Dx: of cirrhosis | liver biopsy, LFT's
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| s/s of cirrhosis | tremors, somnolence, mental confusion, gyncomastia, lostof chest hair,testicular atropy,splenomegaly, hepatomegaly , dilated abd.veins,tendoncy to hemorrhage, pedial edema,esophageal varices,juandice ascites & hepatic coma
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| LFT'S include | SGOT(AST), SGPT (ALT), alkaline phosphatlase, LDH & bilirubin test
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| viral hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by a family of viruses | hepatitis A,B,C,D & E
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| inflammation of the gallbladder | cholecystitis
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| cholecystitis is com. caused by an obstruction due to | cholethiasis
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| stones biliary calculi | cholethiasis
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| biliary obstruction can lead to | hepatic damage
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| s/s of cholecystitis | right ribcage pain radiating to the right shoulder,esp. after eating a meal high in fat, chills, pyrexia,n/v & jaundice
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| TX:cholecytitis | laparoscopic cholecystectomy,before perforation,laparscopic cholelithectomy if stones are in the bile duct
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| inflammation of the pancreas | pancreatitis
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| pancreatitis is usually associated with | alcoholism in men & gallbladder disease in women
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| pancreatitis can cause | pancreatic enzymes to activate prematurely
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| these pancreatic enzymes will start to | digest the the pancreas
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| high levels of these enzymes will confirm Dx of pancreatitis | amylase
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| s/s of pancreatitis | severe abd. pain,n/v & jaundice
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| pancreatitis can result in | death
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| clay color stool is an indication for | gallstones
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| immune reaction to eating glutin | celiac
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