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GI Disorders
Med surg
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity | Ascites |
| difficulty swallowing | dysphagia |
| PUD | peptic ulcer disease |
| IBD | inflammatory bowel disease |
| GERD | Gastroesophageal reflux diease |
| ERCP | Endosopic retrograde pancreatography |
| EGD | Esophagoatroduodenum |
| BE | barium enema |
| surgical puncture to remove ascites | paracentesis or abdominocentsis |
| insertion of a tube in through the nose to the stomach | nasogastric intubation |
| visual examination of the GI tract where the esophagus, stomach,duodenum & upper part of jejunum is visible | EGD |
| X- ray examination of the biliary stem ,performed after the injection of a contrast into the bile ducts | ERCP |
| chronic inflammation of the colon w/presence of ulcers | ulcerative colitis |
| telescoping of the instestines | intussusception |
| swollen ,twisted varicos veins in the rectal region | hemorrhoids |
| abnormal pockets form within the intestinal wall | diverticulosis |
| open sores or lesions of the mucous membrane of he stomach | peptic ulcer |
| protrusion of the intestine through the muscle that normally contains it | hernia |
| solids & fluids return to the mouth from the stomach | GERD |
| failure of the lower esophageal sphincter muscle to relax | Achalasia |
| black tarry stools | melena |
| passage of fresh bright red blood from the rectum | Hematochezia |
| protrusion of the lower esophagus & stomach through the diaphragm into the chest | Hiatal hernia |
| Gastroesophageal junction is a above the hiatus, the stomach slides into the thoracic cavity when the pt reclines ,associatied w/GERD | sliding hernia |
| Gastroesophageal junction remains in place but the stomach slides up through the diaphragm through a secondary opening | rolling hernia |
| complications for hiatal hernias | ulceration's, bleeding & aspiration |
| causes for hiatal hernias | weakness of the muscles in the diaphragm |
| DX of hiatal hernias | barium studying and flourascopy |
| Stools that are frothy, bulky & high in fat content and tend to float | steatorrhea |
| intestinal paraysis | paralytic ileus |
| direct visualization of the stomach & duodenum | gastroscopy |
| air being instilled into the bowel | insufflation |
| polyps removed | polypectomy |
| immediate discomfort caused by over eating or eating foods that are not recommend after sx | dumping syndrome |
| protrusion of abd. content out of the body through the suture line | evisceration |
| surgical procedure to remove the entire stomach | gastrectomy |
| the place where the two ends of the digestive systems are join together / joining together of two normally distinct spaces or organs | anastomosis |
| opening into the colon | colostomy |
| opening into the ileum | ileostomy |
| artificially created opening b/w a body cavity & the body's surface | stoma |
| tooth decay | caries |
| heartburn, indigestion & Pyrosis | Dyspepsia |
| twisting of the bowel | volvulus |
| telescoping of the bowel | intusssusception |
| abd. cramps or spasms | tenesmus |
| abnormal channeling b/w loops of the bowel | fistula |
| inflammation of the peritneum | peritonitis |
| general ill health & malnutrition | cachexia |
| fatty stools that float | steatorrhea |
| belching | eruciation |
| direct visualization of the esophagus, stomach & duodenum | EGD |
| direct visualization of the colon | colonoscopy |
| inflammation of the liver caused by a virus | viral hepatitis |
| chronic degenerative disease of the liver | cirhosis |
| chronic inflammation of the colon w/ the presence of ulcers | ulcerative colitis |
| chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract | Crohn's disease |
| chronic progressive disease of the liver | cirrhosis |
| characteristics of cirrhosis | degeneration & destruction of the liver cells |
| how is cirrhosis described ? | compensate or decompensated |
| what type of symptoms do both types have | fiboris & nodules |
| this kind has ascities, variceal bleeding,encephalopathy & jaundice | decompensated cirrhosis |
| age range most prominent for cirrhorsis | 40-60 |
| how many types of cirrhosis are there | 4 |
| caused by alcohol , liver enlarges & then shrinks: not reversible | alcoholic cirrhosis |
| complication of hepatitis massive liver cells necrose | peostnecrotic cirrhosis |
| obstructive cirrhosis occurs as a result of the bile flow | biliary cirrhosis |
| result from severe right sided heart failure which leads to necrosis of liver cells | cardiac cirrhosis |
| mod s/s of cirrhosis | anorexia,n/v/d constipation,flatulence,dyspepsia,leukocytopenia,thromboycytopenia & prothrombin defiency |
| stools that are frothy, bulky & have high fat content | steatorrhea |
| what kind of orders are associated w/ acute pancreatitis | NPO sometimes w/NG tube LWS |
| when is pancreatitis strongly suspected | when the kidneys clear amylase more rapily then creatinene |
| late cause fo death w/ pancreatitis | sepsis & abscesses |
| early s/s of cirrhosis | slight wt loss,unexplained fever, fatigue, dull heaviness in RUQ |
| what are the early causes of death in pancreatitis | CV,renal or pulmonary |
| s/s of pseudocyst | n/v, abd. pain ,mass in epigrastric w/pain & anorexia |
| fluid filled pouch attached to the pancreas containing products of tissue destruction & pancreatic enzymes | pseudocyst |
| the abd. wall will present w/pancreatitis | tender& distended ,absent BS, green blue abd.wall |
| 4 blood test associated w/ pancreas | amylase,serum enzymes,serum calcium & triglycerides |
| s/s of pancreatitis | abd. pain sudden onset ULQ that radiates to the back , severe vomiting, flushing .cyanosis & dyspnea |
| what usually causes pancreatitis | obstruction of the pancreatic duct which can lead to pancreatic failure |
| what is chronic pancreatitis r/t | alcohol abuse |
| inflammation of the pancreas | pancreatitis |
| tx for hepatitis | NO CURE! TX symptomatically as needed w/ supportive individualized care |
| necrosis of the cells without regeneration which leads to liver failure & death often by heoatits | fulminate hepatitis |
| s/s persist longer then 6mo , liver damage may lead to cirrhosis | chronic active cirrhosis |
| prolonged recovery w/ continuing fatigue & liver enlargement that eventually resolves | chronic persistant hepatitis |
| direct visualization of the anus , rectum & sigmoid colon | sigmoidocopy |
| extended version of EGD plus direct visualization of the pancreatic ducts & biliary tract structures | ERCP |
| gallbladder series shows outline of the gallbladder & any existing stones | cholecystogram |
| substance com. used to cleanse the bowels for many procedures | GoLYTELY |
| abd.tap procedure to relieve ascites or for dx purposes | abd.paracentesis |
| inflammation of the mouth | stomatitis |
| motility disorder of the lower portion of the esophagus in which food cannot pass into the stomach | achalasia |
| failure of the cardiac sphincter, absences of effective or coordinated esophageal perislalsis chronic & progressive | achalasia |
| DX for achalasia | esophageal manometry measure & record motility patterns of esophagus or esophagoscopy to assist in dx |
| TX for achalasia | dilation of the cardiac sphincter to the point of weak to close |
| extreme or chronic irritation of the lower esophagus | barretts esophagus |
| stomach inflammation- indigestion,occurs in acute or chronic toxic forms | gastritis |
| open sore in the skin or mucous membrane that is accompanied by sloughing of inflamed & necrotic tissue | ulcer |
| break in the integrity of the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum | peptic ulcer |
| H-Pylori is strongly associated w/ | peptic ulcer |
| occurs when the ulcer penetrates the wall of the stomach or intestine allowing contents to escape into the abd. causing peritonitis | perforation |
| condition where outpouches (ruptures) occur along the intestinal wall | diverticulosis |
| occurs when the diverticula become inflamed usually bc of diverticula obstruction & bacterial invasion | diverticulititis |
| tx for diverticulosis & diverticulititis | dietary mg.medications & possible sx,abx |
| obstruction of the intestine | ileu |
| increased motility of the sm or lg intestine:functional | IBS |
| s/s of IBS | nausea, abd.pain & cramps, flatulence, altered bowel function,hypersecretion of colonic mucus |
| general term for ulcertive colitis & crohn's | IBD |
| inflammation & viceration of mucosa & submucosa ,spans the entire length of the colon most frequently begins in the rectum & distal colon | ulcerative colitis |
| occurs in any partof the intestinal tract most com.location is the terminal ileum ,inflammatory process of the entire thickness of the bowel wall | crohn's disease |
| absense of HCI in the stomach | achlorhydric |
| swallowing of air | aerophagia |
| pertaining to both the anus & rectum | anorectal |
| radiographic examination f the lower digestive system, using a liquid contrast to visualize | barium enema |
| gurgling sound heard as the gas passes through the liquid in the intestines | borborgmus |
| tumor of the bile duct | cholangioma |
| radiographic record of the gallbladder | cholecystegram |
| gallstone | cholelith |
| removal of gallstones through an incision of the bile duct | choledocholithotomy |
| surgical formation of an opening from the colon through the abd. wall to the outside | colostomy |
| inflammation of a sac-like bulge that may develop in the wall of the lg intestine | duverticulitis |
| surgical formation of an opening from the sm intestine through the abd.wall | enterostomy |
| rising of gas or acid from the stomac resulting in belching | eructation |
| anastomosis of the esophagus & jejunum | esophaojejunostomy |
| a fecal concentration ( stone of fecal material ) | fecalith |
| enlargement of the liver | hepatomegaly |
| white patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue or cheek | leukoplakice |
| extreme constipation | obstipation |
| a blood test to determine hepatic disorders | serum bilirubin |
| an artificial opening in this case one from the bowel through abd.wall | stoma |
| develops in parts of the GI tract that are exposed to HCI & pepsin | peptic ulcer disease (PUD) |
| contents of the intestine are prevented from moving forward due to an obstacle or barrier that blocks the lumen | mechanical blockage |
| s/s of GERD | dyspepsia,eructation,dysphagia,halitosis,hematemesis &thoracodynia |
| vomiting of blood | hematemesis |
| chest pain | thoracodynia |
| s/s of GERD may follow | eating, drinking,bending over & laying down |
| GERD is more com. in | obesity & preganancy |
| TX for GERD | non-irritating diet,antacids, anti-ulcer drugs |
| diaphargmatic hernia | hiatal hernia(HH) |
| s/s of HH | dyspepsia, post-prandial dyspepsia & SOB |
| indigestion after meals | post-prandial dyspepsia |
| DX for HH | CXR & UGI barium swallow |
| TX for HH | avoidance of spicy foods , alcohol,caffeine, wt loss & abd. supports |
| hernioplasty | hernia repair |
| gastritis is usually caused by | NSAIDS,caffeine,tabacco,spicy foods ,alcohol & infection |
| DX for gastritis | gastroscopy & biopsy |
| s/s of gastritis | LUQ abd.pain & hematemesis |
| TX: gastritis | removal of irritants.antacids & anti-ulcer meds |
| primary symptom of PUD | abd.pain |
| PUD temporary reliefre | antacids & food |
| causes of PUD | poorly controlled stress, excessive production of HCI,excessive use of NSAIDS & H-pylori |
| Tx: PUD | Stress mg,reduction of irritants,anti-ulcer meds, antacids & abx therapy |
| s/s of perforation | extreme abd.pain ,hematemesis & melena |
| complications of PUD | peritonitis |
| ulcer perforation reguires | surgical repair |
| causes of gasteroenteritis | bacterial infections such as (ecoli,salmonela & listeria)chemical toxins & lactose intolerance |
| s/s of gasteroenteritis | colicky dysentery, n/v/d & pyrexia |
| spasm-like | colicky |
| dysentery | painful sm bowel |
| DX:gasteroenteritis | stool culture |
| TX:gasteroenteritis | IV hydration, abx, anti-emetics,anti-diarrheals & GI anti-spasmodics |
| inflammation of the appendix | appendicitis |
| s/s of appendicitis | N/V,pyrexia, leukocytosis &right inguinal rebound tenderness |
| Tx: appendicitis | appendectomy |
| complications of appendicitis | gangrene, appendorrhexis & peritonitis |
| rupture of the appendix | appendorrhexis |
| inability to absorb fat from the sm intestine | malabsorption syndrome |
| inability to absorb fat causes stool to become | unformed, fatty pale, pungent & floters |
| complications of malabsorptuion syndrome | inability to absorb vit-A,D,E&K |
| Tx: malabsorption | injectable Vit-A,D,E&K supplements |
| diverticulitis is an inflammation of | the diverticula |
| blister like pouches or sacs that develop in the lg intestine | diverticula |
| primary symptom of diverticulitis | LLQ cramps or pain |
| complications of diverticulitis | ileus & ancesses |
| DX: diverticulosis | BE |
| TX:diverticulosis | abx,increase fiber ,whole grains, leafy green veggies, decrease gas forming foods (legumes, peas & cabbage) |
| chronic idiopathic possibly autoimmune,IBD | Crohn's |
| crohn's usually DX b/w the ages | 20-40 |
| crohn's may be exacerbated by | poorly controlled stress |
| s/s of crohn's | appendicitis-like pain, alternating bloddy diarrhea & constipation ,wt.loss,melena,anorexia & n/v |
| DX:crohn's | colonoscopy & biopsy |
| crohn's has periods of remission & exacerbation w/some ending results of | perforation & ileus |
| TX:crohn's | immuno-suppressants,SAIDS, abx & avoiding trigger foods |
| idiopathic,possibly autoimmune, ibd usually affecting the colon & rectum | chronic ulcerative colitis |
| chronic ulcerative colitis increases the risk for | colon malignancies |
| usually occurs in young adults es. women & usually begin b/w the ages | 15-20 |
| s/s UC | sudden diarhea w/ pus & blood, cramplike pain in lower abd.,anemia from chronic blood loss |
| Dx:UC | colonoscopy & BE |
| Tx:colitis | lialda, stress mg,diet mod, ,ild sedation, corticosteroids, psychological counseling & colostomy |
| an ileus by a reduction of a peristaltic actvity | paralytic ileus |
| an ileus caused by the bowel twisting in on itself | volvulus(garden hose) |
| an ileus caused when the intestine telescopes on itself | intussusception (sock turned inside out) |
| an ileus can also be caused by | adhesions |
| tissue sticking together | adhesion |
| s/s of an ileus | severe abd. pain ,distended abd. vomiting & constipation |
| Dx: ileus | abd. CT |
| TX: ileus | laparoscopic bowel resection |
| IBS usually affects women b/w their | late teens and early 40's |
| s/s of IBS | sudden diarrhea, constipation abd. pain & flatulance |
| difference b/w IBS & other intestinal disorders | no lesions are present upon examination |
| IBS is a disorder of | motility & intestinal wall muscles spasms |
| Tx: for IBS | increasing fiber, avoiding caffeine,fatty foods,spicy foods, alcohol etc...citrus cabbage legumes, stress mg , GI antispasmmodics, anitdiarrheals & sedatives |
| cause of cirrhosis | alcohol, HBV or HCV drugs(tylenol, ibprofen & anithyperlipidemics) |
| Dx: of cirrhosis | liver biopsy, LFT's |
| s/s of cirrhosis | tremors, somnolence, mental confusion, gyncomastia, lostof chest hair,testicular atropy,splenomegaly, hepatomegaly , dilated abd.veins,tendoncy to hemorrhage, pedial edema,esophageal varices,juandice ascites & hepatic coma |
| LFT'S include | SGOT(AST), SGPT (ALT), alkaline phosphatlase, LDH & bilirubin test |
| viral hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by a family of viruses | hepatitis A,B,C,D & E |
| inflammation of the gallbladder | cholecystitis |
| cholecystitis is com. caused by an obstruction due to | cholethiasis |
| stones biliary calculi | cholethiasis |
| biliary obstruction can lead to | hepatic damage |
| s/s of cholecystitis | right ribcage pain radiating to the right shoulder,esp. after eating a meal high in fat, chills, pyrexia,n/v & jaundice |
| TX:cholecytitis | laparoscopic cholecystectomy,before perforation,laparscopic cholelithectomy if stones are in the bile duct |
| inflammation of the pancreas | pancreatitis |
| pancreatitis is usually associated with | alcoholism in men & gallbladder disease in women |
| pancreatitis can cause | pancreatic enzymes to activate prematurely |
| these pancreatic enzymes will start to | digest the the pancreas |
| high levels of these enzymes will confirm Dx of pancreatitis | amylase |
| s/s of pancreatitis | severe abd. pain,n/v & jaundice |
| pancreatitis can result in | death |
| clay color stool is an indication for | gallstones |
| immune reaction to eating glutin | celiac |
Created by:
carolyne33
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