Science 2014 final
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| Scientific method | an organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information
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| Observation | information obtained through one's eyes
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| Theory | well-tested explanation for a set of observations
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| Law | a statement accepted as true that describes phenomena
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| Matter | anything that has mass and volume
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| Elements | susbtances made of one kind of atom
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| Atomic # | number of protons in the nucleus
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| Isotopes | same element with a different number of neutrons
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| Element cloud | a space where electrons can be found
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| Pure substances | inclue elements and compounds
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| Compounds | two or more atoms joined in a certain ratio
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| Mixture | more than one substance in no particular ratio
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| Viscosity | tendency of a liquid to resist flowing
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| Conductivity | able to allow heat to flow
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| Malleability | ability to be hammered into sheets
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| Hardness | resistance to being scratches
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| Flammability | ability to burn
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| Reactivity | how a substance combines with other substance
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| Solid | definite shape definite volume
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| Liquids | definite volume and take shape of their contanier
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| Gas | no shape no volume
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| Plasma | electrically charged particles found at extremely high temps
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| Length | measurement of the extent of something
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| Volume | amount of space that an object takes up
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| Mass | amount of matter in an object
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| Temperature | measure of the average kinetic energy
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| Density | the amount of mass per unit of volume
less dense=float
more dense=sink
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| Periodic table arrangement | increasing atomic #
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| Period | horizontal row of elements
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| Family | columns of elements
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| Metals | good heat conductors
shiny
dutile(can be stretched into thin wires)
malleable
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| Non-metals | poor conductors
not malleable or futile
brittle
dull
gases
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| Metalloids | solid
shiny or dull
can conduct heat but not as good as metals\
ductile and malleable
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| Valence electrons | electrons in the outer energy leval
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| Core electrons | those electrons in the energy level below the valence electrons
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| Octet rule | 8 in outer level is stable
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| Duet rule | hydrogen and helium only need two outer valence electrons
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| Ionic bond | transfer of electrons
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| Covalent bond | sharing of electrons
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| Solution | a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances mixed evenly through out
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| Solute | substance being dissolved
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| Solvent | substance that does the dissolving
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| Affects the rate of the solutions | heat
crush
stir
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| Unsaturated | not enough solute
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| Saturated | the right amount of solute
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| Supersaturated | too much solute
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| Acids | sour
reactions with metals
PH of 1-6
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| Base | bitter
slippery feel
PH of 8-14
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| Distance | the length of the path between two point
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| Displacement | the length in a straight line from starting point to the end
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| Speed | the ration of distance an object moves
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| Acceleration | the rate at which velocity changes
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| Gravity | 9.8 m/s^2
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| Terminal velocity | the highest velocity that can be reached by a falling object
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| Force | a push or a pull
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| Friction | a force opposing motion
types:
static
sliding
rolling
fluid
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| Gravity | a property of all matter
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| First law of motion | all matter has the property of intertia
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| Second law of motion | F=MxA
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| Third law of motion | action/reaction
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| Weight | the pull of gravity on mass
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| Energy | the ability to do work
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| Mechanical energy | sum of its kinetic and potential energy
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| Kinetic energy | energy of motion
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| Potential energy | stored energy
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| Energy conversion | changing energy from one form to another
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| The Law of Conservation of Energy | energy cannot be created or destroyed
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| Heat | transfer of thermal energy
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| Specific heat | amount of heat need to rise the temp
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| Conduction | heat transfer through objects that are touching
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| Convection | heat transfer through a fluid medium
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| Radiation | heat transfer through a form of waves
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| Law of thermodynamics | 1. all heat energy in a system is conserved
2. Heat travels from hot to cold
3.abso;ute value cannot be reached
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| Waves | a rhythmic disturbance that transfers energy
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| Crest | high points in a transverse wave
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| Trough | low points in a transverse wave
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| Wavelength | the distance from crest to crest or trough to trough
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| Frequency | the number of crest to pass a loin in one second
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| Reflection | a wave strikes a barrier and is bounced back
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| Refraction | the bending of light waves as they travel from one medium to another
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| Opaque object | transmits no light
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| Transparent | transmits all light
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| translucent | transmits some light
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| Cell theory | 1. all living things are made of cells
2. cells are the basic units of structure and function
3. all cells come from other cells
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| Cells | basic unit of life
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| Eukaryotic | cells that have a nucleus
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| passive transport | movement through the cell membrane needs no energy is needed
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| active transport | movement through the cell membrane needs energy has to be expanded
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| Homeostasis | steady state or balance
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| Diffusion | molecules of a solute move from a area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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| Osmosis | molecules of a solute move from a area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
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| Plasmosis | water diffuses out of a cell and turgor pressure is lost
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| Turgor pressure | a tern used to describe water pressure within a cell
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| Cytolysis | when cells swell because water pressure in the cell is too great
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| Photosynthesis | the process that plants use to capture light energy from the sun and use it to make their own food
C02+H20-------->C6H12O6+O2
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| Respiration | when energy is obtained by a breakdown of food molecules
C6H12O6+02-------->CO2+H20+ATP
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| Mitosis | a cell makes an exact copy of itself 46 chromosomes
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| Meiosis | makes copies of itself with 1/2 of its genetic information 23 chromosomes
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| Genetics | a study of inheritance
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| RNA | ribose
adenine pairs with uracil
is single stranded
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| DNA | deoxyribose
adenine pairs with thymine
is double stranded
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| Alleles | different form of a trait that a gene may have
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| Homozygous (pure bread) | an organism with two alleles that are the same
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| Heterozygous (hybrid) | an organism with two different alleles
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| Phenotype | a physical trait
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| Genotype | a gene that we inherit from are parents
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| Punnett square | a tool used to predict the possible genotypes for the offspring
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| Pedigree charts | a family history of a genetic condition
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| Charles darwin | Who wrote Origin of Species?
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| Evolution | A change over time
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| Gregor Mendel | Father of genetics
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| Pea plants | Gregor Mendel cross pollinated these...
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| Fossils | Any evidence that lived long ago
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| classifying organisms | What is taxonomy?
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| Classification levels | Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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| Homo Sapiens | two named classification
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| Ecology | the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment
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| Organism | an individual living thing
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| Population | a group of the same species that lives in one area
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| Community | a group of different species that live in one area
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| Ecosystem | includes all of the organism as well as the climate soil water rocks and other nonliving things in a given ecosystem
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| Biome | a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there
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| 1.Cells 2. Tissues 3. Organs 4. Organ Systems | levels of organization
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| Respiratory System | what systems function is tobring in oxygen and revoke waste?
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| Circulatory System | what systems function is to pump oxygen rich blood to the cells?
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| Immune System | what systems function is to fight disease?
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| Excretory System | what systems function is to remove chemical waste?
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| Digestive System | what systems function is to take the food you eat and make it into nutrients?
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| Skeletal System | what systems function is to give shape and support to the body, produce red blood cells, stores minerals, and protect organs and soft tissues?
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| Muscular System | what systems function is to control movement?
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| Endocrine System | what systems function is to control many daily activity?
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| Reproductive System | what systems function is to reproduce offspring
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