DIABETES
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| type 1 diabetes | destruction of pancratic beta cellsjuvenile onsetunder 30
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| the destruction of beta cells results in... | decreased insulin production by the liver, and fasting hyperglycemia.
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| TYPE TWO DIABETES | insulin reistance and impaired insulin secretion.slow progressive glucose intolerancetreated with diet and exerciseoral agents can be used
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| goal of diabetes treatment | normalize insulin activity and blood glucose levels to reduce the develpment of fascular and neuropathic complications.
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| five components of diabetes | NUTRITION THERAPY, EXERCISE, MONITORING, PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY, EDUCATION.
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| NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES | PROVIDING ALL ESSENTIAL FOOD CONSTITUENTS, MEETING ENERGY NEEDS, ACHIEVING AND MAINTAINING A REASONABLE WEIGHT, PREVENTING WIDE DAILY FLUCTUATIONS IN BLOOD GLUCOSE, DECREASING SERUM LIPID LEVELS, IF ELEVATED, TO REDUCE THE RISK FOR MACROVASCULAR DISEASE
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| A1C | glycated hemoglobin-blood test that relfects average blood glucose levels over a period of 2-3 months.
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| the longer the amount of glucose in the blood remains above normal.............. | the more glucose binds to hemoglobin and the higher the glycated hemoglobin level becomes.
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| if blood glucose is consistently high, | the test result is also elevated
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| normal values of A1C test | 4%-6%
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| when blood glucose levels are elevated | glucose molecules attach to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
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| onset of type 1 | manifestations develop when pancreas can no longer produce insulin:* rapid onset of symptoms* ketoacidosis in ER
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| DKA in type 1 | absence of exogenous insulinlife threatening conditionmetabolic acidosis
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| Etiology & physiology of type 2 | pancreas continue to produce endogenous insulinbut is either insufficient or poorly used by the tissues
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| onset of type 2 | gradualperson may go years undetectedmarked hyperglycemia (500-1000 mg/dl)
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| goals of diabetic management | * reduce symptoms* Promote well-being*Prevent acute complications*Delay onset and progression of long term complication (intensive control dramatically decreses vascular and neuropathic compolications.
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| diabetes mellitus management | * Nutritional Management* Exercise*Self-monitoring of blood glucose*Drug therapy*Patient teaching
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| hypoglycemia | low blood glucose level (<60mg/dL)less than 2.7 mmol/L
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| Hyperglycemia | elevated blood glucose level; fasting level greater than 140 mg/dL(7.8 mmol/L)
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| cause of morning hyperglycemia | not enough insulin
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| cause of hypoglycemia | too much insulin
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| manifestations of hypoglycemia | sweating, <br>tremor<br> tachycardia<br>palpitation<br> nervousness<br> hunger
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