Drugs to learn for para course
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| Adrenaline- Description | Sympathomimetic drug (mimics the effects of transmitter substances produced by the SNS.
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| Amiodorone - Description | Class 3 antiarrhythmic
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| Aspirin - Description | Anti platelet, anti pyrexic, anti – inflammatory & analgesic properties
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| Atropine - Description | Anti muscarinic agent
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| Benzylpenecillin - Description | Broad-spectrum anti-biotic
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| Co-codamol - Description | Analgesic
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| Chlorphenamine - Description | Antihistamine
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| Clopidogrel - Description | Prodrug - Antiplatelet
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| Diazepam - Description | Benzodiazepine
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| Entonox - Description | Inhaled analgesic agent
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| Furosemide - Description | Diuretic
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| Glucagon - Description | Hormone
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| Glucose 10% - Description |
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| GTN - Description | Prodrug - Vasodilator
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| Hydrocortisone - Description | Glucocorticoid Steroid
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| Hypostop - Description |
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| Ipratopium Bromide - Description | Anticholinergic receptor
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| Metoclopramide - Description | Antiemetic
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| Morphine Sulphate - Description | Opioid Analgesic
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| Paracetamol - Description | Analgesic & Anti-pyrexic
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| Salbutamol - Description | Beta 2 Adrenoreceptor agonist
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| Sodium Chloride 0.9% - Description |
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| Tranexamic Acid - Description | Anti-Fibinolytic
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| Ace Inhibitors - Examples | Perindopril, Lisinopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Quinapril
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| Anti Coagulants - Examples | Warfarin, Heparin
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| Anti Diabetic - Examples | Metformin, Gliclazide
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| Beta Blockers - Examples | Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Acebutalol, Propanolol
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| Calcium Chanel Blockers - Examples | Verapamil, Amlodopine, Diltiazem, Felodipine, Nefedipine
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| Statins - Examples | Simvastatin, Atorvastatin, Pravastatin
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| Adrenaline - Indications | Cardiac Arrest
Anaphylaxis
Life threatening asthma with failing ventilation & continued deterioration despite nebuliser therapy
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| Amiodorone - Indications | Cardiac arrest – Shockable rhythms after 3rd shock and additional bolus after 5th shock.
Broad complex tachycardia over 150bpm if any of the following are present: <90 systolic BP, < GCS, LVF or peri-arrest. Clinical advice must be sought.
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| Aspirin - Indications | Adults with clinical or ECG evidence suggestive of MI or ischemia
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| Atropine - Indications | Symptomatic bradycardia in the presence of any of these adverse signs:
Absolute bradycardia (<40bpm)
Systolic BP below expected for age
Paroxysmal ventricular arrhythmias requiring suppression
Inadequate perfusion causing confusion etc
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| Benzylpenecillin - Indications | Suspected meningococcal disease in the presence of:
A non blanching rash
Signs/symptoms suggestive of meningococcal septicaemia
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| Co-codamol - Indications | Treatment of moderate to severe pain in adults and children over the age of 12
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| Chlorphenamine - Indications | Severe anaphylactic reactions
Symptomatic allergic reactions causing patient distress e.g. severe itching, hives
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| Clopidogrel - Indications | Acute ST elevation MI (stemi)
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| Diazepam - Indications | Fits lasting longer than 5 mins and still fitting
Repeated fits–not secondary to uncorrected hypoxia or hypoglycaemia
Eclamptic fits(lasting longer than 2/3 mins or if recurrent)
Symptomatic cocaine toxicity(severe hypertension, chest pain or fitting)
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| Entonox - Indications | Moderate to severe pains
Labour pains
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| Furosemide - Indications | Pulmonary oedema secondary to LVF
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| Glucagon - Indications | Hypoglycaemia, especially in known diabetics
Clinically suspected hypoglycaemia where oral glucose administration is not possible
Unconscious patient where hypoglycaemia is suspected
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| Glucose 10% - Indications | Hypoglycaemia, especially in known diabetics
Clinically suspected hypoglycaemia where oral glucose administration is not possible
Unconscious patient where hypoglycaemia is suspected
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| GTN - Indications | Cardiac chest pain due to angina or MI
Acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema
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| Hydrocortisone - Indications | Severe or life-threatening asthma, where call to hospital time is > 30 mins
Anaphylaxis
Adrenal crisis
Patients in established adrenal crisis
Steroid dependant patients who have become unwell to prevent them from having an adrenal crisis
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| Hypostop - Indications | Hypoglycaemia, especially in known diabetics
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| Naloxone Hydrochloride - Description | Opioid Antagonist
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| Ipratopium Bromide - Indications | Acute severe or life threatening asthma
Acute asthma unresponsive to salbutamol
Exacerbation of COPD, unresponsive to salbutamol
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| Metoclopramide - Indications | Treatment of nausea & vomiting in adults over 20 years of age
Prevention & treatment of nausea & vomiting following morphine administration
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| Morphine Sulphate - Indications | Pain associated with suspected MI (analgesic of first choice)
Severe pain as a component of a balanced analgesia regimen
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| Naloxone Hydrochloride - Indications | Opioid od producing Respiratory,CV and CNS depression
Overdose of an opioid analgesic
? Reduce LOC with ? cause where opioid overdose is possible
Reversal of respiratory and CNS depression in neonates following maternal opioid use during labour
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| Paracetamol - Indications | Relief of mild to moderate pain and / or high temperature
As part of a balance analgesia regimen
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| Salbutamol - Indications | Acute asthma where normal inhaler therapy has failed to relieve symptoms
Expiratory wheeze associated with allergy, anaphylaxis, smoke inhalation or lower airway cause
Exacerbation of COPD
SOB in patients with severe breathing difficulty due to LVF
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| Sodium Chloride 0.9% - Indications | Adult fluid therapy
Medical conditions without haemorrhage
Medical conditions with haemorrhage
Trauma related haemorrhage
Burns
Limb crush injury
Child fluid therapy
Medical conditions
Trauma related haemorrhage
Burns
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| Tranexamic Acid - Indications | Patients with time critical injury where significant internal/external haemorrhage is suspected
Injured patients fulfilling step 1 or 2 of trauma triage tool
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| Ace Inhibitors - Indications | Hypertension & Heart failure
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| Anti Coagulants - Indications | Prevents blood coagulation
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| Anti Diabetic - Indications | Treatment of Diabetes
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| Beta Blockers - Indications | Hypertension
Angina
Atrial Fibrillation
Heart Failure
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| Calcium Chanel Blockers - Indications | Heart Failure
Coronary Heart Disease
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| Statins - Indications | High cholesterol
High risk from heart disease
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| Adrenaline - Actions | Works via stimulation of both Alpha-1 & Beta-1 adrenergenic receptors that are found in the smooth muscle. This increases strength of ventricular contractions, heart rate & peripheral vaso-constriction. The net effect is incresed BP (mainly systolic).
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| Amiodorone - Actions | Blocks Sodium (Na) & Potassium (K) channels within cardiac muscle, this prolongs cardiac action potential and refractory period. This results in a decreased heart rate & vascular resistance.
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| Aspirin - Actions | Anti platelet action which reduces clot formation.
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| Atropine - Actions | Neurotransmitter that binds to and inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptors that are found in the synapses and other cell membranes. Enhances AV conduction, increases heart rate & BP.
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| Benzylpenecillin - Actions | Binds to proteins inside the cell wall & inhibits the 3rd and last stage of bacterial wall synthesis.
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| Co-codamol - Actions |
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| Chlorphenamine - Actions | Blocks histamine H1 receptors found in smooth muscle in both the heart and CNS. This leads to temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine.
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| Clopidogrel - Actions | Inhibits platelet aggregation. Prevents adenosine diphosphate from binding to its receptors on the platelets.
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| Diazepam - Actions | CNS depressant, acts as an anti convulsant and sedative. Binds to benzodiazepine receptors and to specific subunits on GABAa receptors.
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| Entonox - Actions | Releases biochemical substances such as endorphins and serotonin. Muscle relaxant.
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| Furosemide - Actions | Potent diuretic, working on the loop on henle in the nephron kidney to prevent the re-absorption of water. Has a rapid onset and short duration.
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| Glucagon - Actions | Binds to glucagon receptors and initiates a series of enzyme reactions, the end result is a release of glucose molecules into the blood. Simply glucagon acts on liver glycogen which is then converted into glucose via the release of insulin.
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| Glucose 10% - Actions | Naturally occurring substance introduce in IV solution to increase blood glucose levels.
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| GTN - Actions | Potent vasodilator, relaxes smooth muscle which results in coronary artery vasodilatation, < preload & < BP.
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| Hydrocortisone - Actions | The 2 main products in inflammation prostaglandins (made at the site of tissue damage or infection, causing pain and fever) & leukotrienes , are inhibited by the action of glucocorticoids. Suppress the immune and inflammatory response.
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| Hypostop - Actions | Naturally occurring substance introduced buccally to increase blood glucose levels.
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| Ipratopium Bromide - Actions | Decreases the contractility of smooth muscle resulting in bronchodilation. Blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors, muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist.
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| Metoclopramide - Actions | Inhibits gastric smooth muscle relaxation. It accelerates intestinal transit & gastric emptying by preventing relaxation of gastric body. Enhances GI motility.
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| Morphine Sulphate - Actions | Opioid receptor antagonist, mimics endorphins. Binds to MU opioid receptors in the CNS, sedative and can induce respiratory depression and hypotension.
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| Naloxone Hydrochloride - Actions | Has a stronger affinity for bonding to opioid receptors than any opiate drug, having an antagonist effect on the receptor & cell. Reveres the effect of opioid drugs.
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| Paracetamol - Actions | Interrupts prostaglandin synthesis which regulates the contraction & relaxation of smooth muscle to reduce inflammatory response, has analgesic property, and reduces pyrexia by inducing peripheral vasodilatation & sweating.
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| Salbutamol - Actions | Selective beta 2 adrenoreceptor stimulant, relaxes smooth muscle in the small and medium airways
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| Sodium Chloride 0.9% - Actions | Increases vascular fluid volume which consequently raises cardiac output & improves perfusion
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| Tranexamic Acid - Actions | An anti-fibinolytic drug that helps to prevent the breakdown of a formed blood clot.
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| Ace Inhibitors - Actions | Stop the body from creating Angiotensin II. They do this by blocking a chemical called Angiotensin converting enzyme, this essentially relaxes blood vessels and helps reduce the amount of water re-absorbed by the kidneys lowering blood pressure.
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| Anti Coagulants - Actions | Blocks the effects of vitamin K which is needed to make some of the bloods clotting factors. Blocking vitamin K prevents blood clots forming so easily by increasing the time it takes to make fibrin.
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| Anti Diabetic - Actions | Acts by increasing the sensitivity of liver, muscle, fat and other tissues to the uptake and effects of insulin. These actions lower the level of sugar within the blood
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| Beta Blockers - Actions | Primarily blocks b1 & b2 receptors and thereby the effects of Noradrenaline and Adrenaline. By blocking these effects Beta Blockers reduce BP by dilating blood vessels. They may also reduce air passage by stimulating the muscles that surround air passages
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| Calcium Chanel Blockers - Actions | Prevent calcium from entering of the heart and blood vessel walls, this prevents muscle contraction and reduces BP.
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| Statins - Actions | Cells in the body produce cholesterol and require it to work correctly, statins work by reducing the amount of cholesterol produced by the cells. This forces them to get their supply by removing it from the bloodstream.
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