HA&P Final Exam
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Where do endocrine glands secrete hormones | directly into body fluids such as blood
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| What is the function of endocrine glands? | regulates the rates of certain chemical reactions, aid in the transport of substances, play roles in growth, and development and reproduction
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| What is the action of a hormone directed at? | target cells
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| What is the major difference between steroids and other types of hormones? | receptor sites for steroid hormones are located in the target cell's nucleus
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| What are the hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? | growth hormone, prolactin, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
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| Which of the following is a function of the thymus gland? | produce white blood cells and fight off infection
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| The effect of Parathyroid hormone is to | stimulate the bone to raise blood calcium level
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| What organ/gland is responsible for the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine? | adrenal
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| The action of insulin that most directly leads to lowered blood sugar is | inhibiting the release of glucagon
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| Where is the hormone melatonin secreted? | pineal gland
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| What hormone targets follicles, triggering ovulation and increases secretion of progesterone? | Luteinizing hormone
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| What are the formed elements of blood? | red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
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| What is the structure of red blood cells? | irregularly shaped fragments without a nucleus
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| Which of the following elements of blood are essential to gas exchange within tissues? | erythrocytes
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| What are damaged red blood cells destroyed by? | macrophages
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| Where are red blood cells produced in an adult? | red marrow
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| The most numerous white blood cell is the | neutrophil
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| What is the white blood cell that forms antibodies necessary for immunity for specific diseases? | lymphocyte
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| How do white blood cells combat infection? | phagocytosis and antibody production
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| When do platelets plugs form? | when platelets are exposed to rough surfaces
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| What antigens and antibodies does a person with type A blood have? | antigen A and anti-B antibody
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| What antigens and antibodies are present in blood that is B+? | antigen B, anti-A antibody and Rh antibodies
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| What is a blood clot forming abnormally in blood vessel called? | thrombus
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| What is the most effective hemostatic mechanism that causes a blood clot? | coagulation
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| What are external cardiac defibrillators used for? | sudden cardiac arrest
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| What is the visceral pericardium also known as? | epicardium
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| Where are Purkinje fibers located? | myocardium
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| Where is the tricuspid valve located? | right atrium and right ventricle
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| What is the valve between the chambers of the left side of the heart? | mitral (bicuspid valve)
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| Describe the events of the cardiac cycle: | both atria contract and both ventricles relaz; then both ventricles contract and both atria relax
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| What is the P wave on an ECG? | atrial depolarization
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| What does a straight line on an ECG represent? | atrial contraction
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| What is the maximum pressure in the artery, occurring during ventricular contraction called? | systolic pressure
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| What is the period in which a heart chamber is relaxing? | diastole
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| How does lymph fluid move? | muscle contraction
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| What is the function of lymph nodes? | filtering foreign substances and immune surveillance
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| The upper skin layer is an example of which of the following body defenses against infection? | mechanical barrier
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| How are T and B cells able to recognize foreign proteins? | presence of receptor molecules on T cells and B cells which fit the molecules of antigens
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| How do T cells produce an initial immune response? | attaching to antigen
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| How do B cells response to an antigen? | producing antibodies or immunoglobulins
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| What are the main roles of the lymphatic system? | managing fluid levels in the body, filtering out bacteria, and housing types of white blood cells
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| What are the accessory organs of the digestive system? | pancreas, liver, gallbladder
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| What is the function of the gallbladder? | store and release bile
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| What are the parts to the small intestine? | duodenum, jejunum and ileum
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| What is the small projection that contains lymphatic tissue that is attached to the cecum? | appendix
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| What are the functions of the urinary system? | regulation of body fluids, removal of metabolic wastes, regulation of volume and chemical makeup of blood, excretion of toxins
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| What is the functional unit of the kidney? | nephron
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| The flow of urine within the kidney occurs in the following order: | glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of the nephron loop
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| What is the function of the nephron? | structural and functional unit of the kidney
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| Which structures belong to the nephron? | corpuscle, tubule, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, juxtaglomerular apparatus, peritubular capillary, and descending and ascending limb
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