Biology Final
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| Parathyroid gland | secrets PTH
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| Ovaries | secretes estrogen
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| Testes | secretes testosterone
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| Adrenal Gland | secretes epinephrine
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| Pituitary Gland | secretes growth hormones
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| Pancreas | secretes insulin and glucagon
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| Calcitonin | lowers blood calcium levels
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| Epinephrine | prepares body for emergencies
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| Estrogen and Progesterone | egg and more sex-hormone production
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| Insulin | lowers blood glucose levels
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| Testosterone | sperm and more sex-hormone production
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| TSH | controls the thyroid
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| Chromosomes | separate sections of long strands of DNA, some organisms only have 16, while others may have hundreds
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| Codominance | both traits are expressed without blending characteristics
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| Gametes | haploid cells that unite to form diploid cells at fertilization
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| Incomplete dominance | both traits are expressed with blending of characteristics
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| Oogenesis | process that forms eggs for sexual reproduction
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| Spermatogenesis | process that forms sperm for sexual reproduction
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| Vagina | birth canal composed of cervix and this accessory organ
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| Active transport | goes against the concentration gradient to cross the cell membrane
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| Cytosol | watery substance inside of the cell
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| Facilitated diffusion | requires a channel or carrier protein in order to cross the cell membrane
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| Flagellum | whip-like structure used for movement
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| Hypertonic solution | higher concentration of solutes outside the cell compared to inside
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| Isotonic solution | same solution concentration inside and outside of cell
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| Messenger RNA | carries the codon sequences outside the nucleus for protein synthesis
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| Mitochondria | Produces energy in the cell via cellular respiration
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| Nucleus | control center of the cell
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| Ribosomes | where protein assembly occurs
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| Amphibia | "double life"
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| Annelida | segmented worm
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| Anura | frogs
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| Aves | birds
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| Carnivora | lions, tigers, and bears (oh my)
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| Crocodilia | alligators
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| Marsupials | pouched mammals
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| Mollusca | octopus
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| Osteichthyes | fish
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| Platyhelminthes | flatworm
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| Proifera | sponge
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| Primates | have opposable thumbs
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| Proboscidea | animals with trunks
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| Rodentia | gnawing animals, incisors never stop growing
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| Oxytocin | hormone that stimulates uterine contractions to move the baby through the birth canal
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| Progesterone | delivers sperm to the female;hormone that stimulates blood flow to the uterus to prepare a home for the developing embryo
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| Endoplasmic reticulum | used for synthesizing new material and as part of the transportation system
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| Golgi body | manufacturing facility that processes and packages new materials
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| What type of photoreceptor allows you to see color? | cones
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| Which section of the brain keeps you awake and filters information? | thalamus
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| Which section of the brain has 2 hemispheres and controls your conscious activities? | cerebrum
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| During which trimester is oxytocin released from the pituitary gland? | 3rd
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| During which trimester is the nervous system complete and the heart is S-shaped? | 1st
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| During which trimester are hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows developed and the mother can feel movement? | 2nd
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| During which trimester can the baby's heartbeat be heard with a stethoscope? | 2nd
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| During which trimester is the baby's face mostly developed and the baby has learned to suck? | 1st
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| Which photoreceptor allows you to see light, especially low-level light? | rods
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| What type of impulse is a nerve impulse? | electrochemical
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| What do lacrimal glands produce? | tears
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| Which type of psychotropic drug increases body activity and is usually psychologically addictive? | stimulants
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| Which type of psychotropic drug causes euphoria and is physically addictive? | narcotics
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| What is causing an easy and painless death to end suffering called? | euthanasia
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| Before birth, where do babies get their nourishment and what supplies the nourishment? | mothe/placenta
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| What is the killing of an unborn child? | abortion
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| What is the surgical removal of a baby? | Cesarean section
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| What is the energy currency used in the body? | ATP
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| Which type of organism, autotroph or hetertroph, is a producer? | autotroph
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| Which type of energy production has two types of fermentation and does NOT require oxygen? | anaerobic
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| What are Biblical "kinds" based upon? | reproduction
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| What do carnivores eat? | meat
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| What do fish use to control their depth in the water? | swim bladder
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| What is the job in nature of most bacteria? | decomposing
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| Which type of tropism is the response to light? | phototropism
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| What is one way to replace or add minerals to the soil? | crop rotation, fertilize, mulch
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| Name one of the two men who discovered DNA in 1953. | Watson/Crick
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| Write an example of homozygous alleles, like for tall plants or for green plants. | TT or gg or YY or tt
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| Write and example of heterozygous alleles, like for tall plants or for green plants. | Tt or Gg or Yy
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| What are small sections of DNA called that represent the instructions for a specific protein that leads to a specific trait? | genes
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| What are organisms called that pass a gene on for a trait but do not have the characteristics of that gene? | carriers
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| Who is known as the 'Father of Genetics'? | Mendel
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| List 4 of the 7 minor senses. | Touch, taste, smell, pain, heat, cold, pressure
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| What are the two components of the Central Nervous System? | Brain and spinal cord
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| What determines how bad a spinal cord injury is? | The extent of the damage, location, swelling, and whether or not the cell body dies
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| Why are spinal cord injuries so dangerous? | When the spinal cord gets severed, it cannot repair itself and all feeling and control is lost below the break.
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| List 2 parts of the outer ear. | Auricle, external auditory canal, eardrum, (tympanic membrane)
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| List 2 parts of the middle ear. | Hammer, anvil, and stirrup (malleus, incus, and stapes
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| List 2 of the meninges (covering of the brain). | Dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid membrane
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| Explain what happens with your olfactory receptors when you walk into and stay in a room that has a bad odor. | They become accommodated and stop sending the signal to you brain--you no longer detect the odor
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| Why does a person sometimes like the taste of things as they get older that they strongly disliked when they were younger? | Taste buds are damaged or die and are not reproduced as much as you get older; fewer taste buds mean less ability to distinquish tastes
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| Why do we have either good night vision or good color vision? | You have a limited number of rods and cones; more cones means better color vision but you will have fewer rods for night vision and vice versa.
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| Explain how negative feedback loops work. | React to a change outside of regular ranges for homeostasis and generate an opposite response to return the body to acceptable ranges.
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| List the two-fold purpose of the male reproductive system. | Make and deliver sperm
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| List teh primary female reproductive organ and 2 accessory organs. | Ovaries; fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina, and breasts
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| 96% of births are vaginal. What part of the baby is pointed downward and serves as a wedge to open the birth canal? | Head
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| What is the difference between how long men are able to reproduce and how long women are able to reproduce? | Men--from puberty until death.
Women--from puberty until menopause occurs
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| Why are all cells roughly the same size, why don't they get bigger? | If a cell gets too large it cannot get enough food to sustain itself because its surface area-to-volume is too small
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| List 5 phases, in order, of mitosis and meiosis. | Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| List three uses of mitosis. | repair, growth, replacement, asexual reproduction
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| Explain what P1, F1, and F2 are and what Mendel learned from them. | P1--Parent generation (all tall)
F1--first generation of offspring (all tall)
F2--second generation of offspring (3/4th tall and 1/4th short)
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| Explain what makes you, you. | Genetics, environment, and choices-- God also moves in each area and makes changes as needed
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| What are dominant and recessive and how do they relate to each other? | Traits may be expressed or masked. Dominant traits mask recessive traits whenever both are present. Recessive traits can only be expressed if there aren't any dominant traits.
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| Name the 7 levels of classification, in order. | Kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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| Name 2 reasons that Latin is used for scientific names. | Not used anymore, doesn't change, scientists are familiar with it
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| List 2 causes of cancer. | Radiation, carcinogen, chemicals
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| List 2 treatments used for cancer. | Radiation, chemicals, surgery
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| Name 2 reasons the Lord may allow suffering and disease. | Sin, to reach the individual, to reach others, to bring glory to God
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| Name 2 ways to reduce your risk of cancer. | Don't smoke (or use other carcinogens), use sunscreen, limit time outdoors, etc.
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| What is the difference between pollination and fertilization? | Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil, fertilization is the uniting of gametes to produce a zygote.
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| What are the 2 functions of roots? | Anchor, absorb nutrients, transport substances, store food
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| Explain how and why leaves change color. | As the length of day shortens, the chlorophyll dies and the green pigment fades leaving the original color of the leaves to show through.
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| Name 2 important uses of water for plants. | Photosynthesis, trugor pressure, hydrolysis, transport materials.
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| Why do we force some plants to reproduce asexually and others to reproduce sexually? | Asexually to keep the same characteristics from generation to generation; sexually to introduce more variety
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| What are the three social castes among insects? | Queen, workers, drones
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| Why is animal blood red? | It contains hemoglobin, which is red
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| Name the two types of feathers. | Down and Contour
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| How are birds able to digest food when it hasn't been chewed? | They have a gizzard they load with rocks to grind food.
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| List two types of hair that mammals have. | Guard and underhair
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| List two ways that snakes capture their food. | Constriction, venom, and swallow whole
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| Bonus: How many heart chambers do fish, amphibians, mammals have? | 2, 3, and 4
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| Bonus: Name the third part of the outer ear or the third part of the middle ear. | Auricle, external auditory canal, eardrum (tympanic membrane) OR Hammer, anvil, or stirrup
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| Bonus: How much ATP does the average adult use in one day? | 150 kg
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| Bonus: If you cross a homozygous dominant gene with a heterozygous gene, what will be the resulting ratios of phenotypes and genotypes? | Phenotype--4:0 (100/0)
Genotype--2:2 (50/50)
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