Airway
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| patent (airway) | open or unblocked, functioning all the way to the cellular level including pulmonary, blood flow & neuro stimulation
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| mucous membrane | thin layer connective tissue lining many body cavities air passes thru, has small mucus secretin glands, 100% humidified & sterile, warmed, lubricates & protects
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| gag reflex | retching or striving to vomit, reflex triggered by touching back of soft palate or throat
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| epiglottis | leaf shaped, flexible cartilage, hangs over larynx, connected to hyoid bone, prevents food & liquid from entering larynx, important landmark for ET tube
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| Hyoid bone | only bone in body not attached to rest of skeleton, connected to epiglottis
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| vallecula | depression or pocket formed by base of the bongue & epiglottis
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| larynx | triangle shaped, connects pharynx(at epiglottis) 2 trachea(lower border of cricoid cartilage), inferior hyoid bone, anterior esophagus, made of thyroid & cricoid cartilage, vocal cords & arytenoid folds
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| thyroid cartilage/"Adam's Apple" | main laryngeal cartilage, consists of 2 large shield shaped pieces, form anterior wall & give it's V shape, posterior wall open & is muscle
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| cricothyroid membrane | situated between top of cricoid & bottom of thyroid cartilage in larynx, site for surgical & advanced airway placement
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| cricoid cartilage | below thyroid cartilage, attached to 1st ring of tracheal cartilage, only complete ring with posterior bulky part, narrowest part in children
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| sellick maneuver | putting pressure on cricoid cartilage to occlude esophagus & prevent regurgitation
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| arytenoid cartilages | 2 pyramid shaped, attached to vocal folds & pharyngeal wall, open & close vocal cords, landmark for ET tube
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| glottis | slitlike opening between vocal cords leading into trachea, in adult narrowest part
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| vagus nerve | richly lines larynx, stimulation of pharyngeal & laryngeal mucous membranes can cause bradycardia, hypotension & decreased respiratory rate, sends signals to medullla oblongata & pons in brain to control breathing
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| serous membrane/pleura | 2 layer epithelial membrane that lines body cavities & covers surfaces of organs, form sac & includes 2 layers
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| apex | top of lungs
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| hilum | slits in ea lung where bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels & nerves are firmly anchored in meshwork of dense connective tissue in2 lung, form "root of the lung", only spot where lungs are anchored
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| visceral pleura | membrane closely covering the lungs
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| parietal pleura | lines inner surface of chest wall, diaphragm & mediastinum
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| pleural space | seperates parietal & visceral pleura in lungs, contains just a few drops of pleural fluid to prevent friction as lung tissue expands & contracts
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| external respiration | involves exchange of gases between circulating blood & air & is carried on by expansion & contraction of lungs
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| internal respiration | involves exchange of dissolved gases between circulating blood & interstitial fluids in peripheral tissues
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| cellular respiration | use of O2 by cells in the process of metabolism
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| diaphragm | largest, wide muscule separating thoracic/chest cavity from abdominal cavity, slants upward anteriorly & dome shaped when relaxed, contracts downward
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| ventilation | process of moving air in & out of lungs, includes inspiration & expiration
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| process of breathing | initiated by respiratory center in medulla oblongata & pons in brain, respond to increased levels of CO2 in blood
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| minute volume | volume of air exchanged in 1 min, about 6000mL - 16,000mL average, necessary to remove CO2 & bring in sufficient supplies of O2
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| tidal volume | air inhaled & exhaled in single respiration, 500mL - 800mL, 12-20x per min
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| dead air space | air remaining in trachea & bronchi unavailabe for gas exchange, about 150 mL
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| physiological dead space | development of additional dead space from diseases such as COPD or atelectasis
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| total lung capacity | about 6L in average adult male,
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| PO2 or PCO2 | abbreviation for partial pressure of O2 or carbon dioxide
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| medulla oblongata & pons | in brainstem, control rate & depth of breathing, connected to respiratory muscles by vagus nerve, pons 2ndary control center if medulla fails, also controls expiration
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| hypoxia | increased respirations, insufficient oxygenation of the cells
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| hiccup | sudden inspiration caused by spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm & intermittent spastic closure of glottis
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| sighing | incoluntary slow deep breath followed by prolonged expiration, hyperinflates the lungs & opens atelectatic alveoli, normally about once per min
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| cheyne-stokes breathing | regular pattern of gradually incerasing rate & tidal volume followed by gradual decrease & then short period of apnea, associated with brainstem insult
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| kussmaul breathing | deep gasping respirations, common in diabetic coma
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| biot's respirations | group of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea, seen with increased intracranial pressure
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| central neurogenic hyperventilation | pattern of deep rapid respirations similar to kussmaul breathing, also indicative of increased intracranial pressure
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| agonal breathing | pattern of slow shallow irregular respirations, results from brain anoxia
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| pulsus paradoxus | systolic B/P decreases more than 10mmHg during inspiration, seen in COPD, severe asthma, cardiac tamponade, pericardial effusion, CHF, AMI & tension pneumothorax
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| hypoxemia | insufficient oxygenation of the blood
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| anoxia | insufficiant oxygenation of the tissue
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| pulse deficit | peripheral pulse is @ different rate than the ventricle is contracting, poor peripheral profusion
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| ARDS | adult/acute respiratory distress syndrome, non-cardiac w/ cardiac signs, pulmonary edema, trauma, contusion, spasm, sepsis
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| respirations | exchange of gases between the body cells & the atmosphere
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| dysphonia | difficulty speaking
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| aphonia | cannot speak
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| atelectasis | dead space, collapse of alveoli
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| dyspnea | shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
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Created by:
tseitz
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