Nursing review
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| 1) Solvents move from ____________ concentration to ____________ concentration. | lower, higher
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| 2) _____________ is when water moves across permeable membrane in order to maintain equilibrium. | osmosis
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| 3) ____________ is when molecules moves across permeable membrane in order to maintain equilibrium. | diffusion
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| 4) What is fluid volume overload? | Excessive sodium intake & compromised regulatory system, possible from CHF, cirrhosis, or SIADH (endocrine)
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| 5) What can lead to hypervolemia (fluid volume overload)? | excessive sodium intake,
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| 6) What are the s/s of fluid volume overload? | pitting edema with tight shiny skin, weight gain, moist crackles, dyspnea, cough, bulging fontanels, JVD, headache, agitation, confusion, VS-increased BP,P, & Resp
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| 7) What nursing interventions would you implement for fluid volume overload? | low Na diet, fluid restrictions, monitor I&O, elevate affected extremities, elevate head of bed, Pt. education
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| 8) What is fluid volume deficit? | loss of water or sodium from vomiting, diarrhea, tubes, sweating, diuretics, or decreased intake from NPO status, dysphagia,
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| 9) What can lead to hypovolemia (fluid volume deficit)? | vomiting, diarrhea, decreased intake
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| 10) What are the s/s of fluid volume deficit? | concentrated urine, tachycardia, tachypnea, electrolyte imbalance, labs= increased Hct & BUN, dry skin & mucous membranes, weak, restless, confused,
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| 11) What nursing interventions would you implement for fluid volume deficit? | encourage fluids, oral care, skin care, manage vomiting & diarrhea, cover wounds, isotonic fluids, Pt. education
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| 12) What is the difference between isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solution? | hypotonic= less concentration of particles than plasma, isotonic= same concentration as plasma, htpertonic= higher concentratioin of particles than plasma
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| 13) What are the s/s of IV infiltration? | swelling at site, coolness, decreased flow rate, c/o discomfort.
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| 14) What is the purpose of IV fluids? | supply nutrients, fluids, meds; provide a line for dialysis; transfer blood products
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| 15) What is the normal serum calcium (Ca) level? | 8-10 mg/dL
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| 16) What is hypocalcaemia? | serum calcium level less than 8 mg/dL
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| 17) What are the s/s of hypocalcaemia? | irritability, confusion, muscle twitching & cramps, decreased BP & HR, diarrhea, positive for Chvostek's & Trousseau's signs
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| 18) What can cause hypocalcaemia? | poor intake of calcium or vitamin D, malabsorption from GI tract, hypoparathyroidism, renal failure
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| 19) What is the tx for hypocalcaemia? | administer appropriate calciumsalts or IV calcium chloride, encourage oral calcium & vitamin D intake
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| 20) What is hypercalcaemia? | serum calcium level greater than 1o mg/dL
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| 21) What are the s/s of hypercalcaemia? | weakness, constipation, anorexia, nausea, dehydration, bradycardia, increased BP & HR, confusiion, lethargy
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| 22) What can cause hypercalcaemia? | hyperparathyroidism, increased reabsorption from bone, bone destruction, malignancy,
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| 23) What is the tx for hypocalcaemia? | administer biphosphonates, decrease calcium & vitamin D intake, administer lasix,increase fluid intake
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| 24) What is the normal serum level of sodium? | 135-145 mEq/L
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| 25) What is hyponatremia? | serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L
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| 26) What are the s/s of hyponatremia? | nausea,vomiting, cramping, confusion, drowsiness, headache
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| 27) What can cause hyponatremia? | sweating, hemorrhage, hyperglycemia, diuretics
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| 28) What is the tx for hyponatremia? | fluid restriction, oral sodium supplements, increase dietary sodium, hypertonic IV solution
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| 29) What is hypernatremia? | serum sodium level higher than 145 mEq/L
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| 30) What are the s/s of hypernatremia? | thirt, dry sticky mucous membranes, decreased neural activity, lethargy, stupor, coma
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| 31) What can cause hypernatremia? | excessive salt intake, fever, diarrhea, fluid loss,renal failure
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| 32) What is the tx for hypernatremia? | sodium restrictions, IV fluids,
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| 33) What is the normal serum level of potassium? | 3.5-5.3 mEq/L
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| 34) What is hypokalemia? | serum potassium level lower than 3.5 mEq/L
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| 35) What are the s/s of hypokalemia? | cardiac dysrythmias, decreased GI motility, muscle weakness,
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| 36) What can cause hypokalemia? | alkalosis, vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic therapy, wound drainage, prolonged NG suctioning
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| 37) What is the tx for hypokalemia? | administer potassium, use potassium sparing diuretics, in crease vitamin k intake
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| 38) What is hyperkalemia? | serum potassium levels greater than 5.3 mEq/L
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| 39) What are the s/s of hyperkalemia? | irritability, confusion, anxiety, muscle twitches. diarrhea
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| 40) What can cause hyperkalemia? | salt substitutes, altered excretion, excessive salt intake, acidosis, severe tissue damage
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| 41) What is the tx for hyperkalemia? | administer kayexalate, dialysis oif extreme,
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| 47) How do you determine how long an IV will run? | divide the total number of millimeters by the hourly infusion
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| 42) What is the normal value of pH? | 7.35-7.45
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| 43) What is the normal value of HCO3? | 22-26mEq/L
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| 44) What is the normal value of CO2 (PCO2)? | 35-45 mmHG
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| 45) What is acidosis? | blood pH less than 7.35; If respiratory- CO2 greater than 45, if metabolic- HCO3 less than 22.
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| What are the s/s of acidosis? | think depressed body systems; lethargy, flaccid paralysis, delayed electrical conduction, (resp. acid.-pale, cyonotic, rapid shallow breathing)(meta. acid- deep rapid breathing, warm flushed skin)
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| What is alkalosis? | blood ph is higher than 7.45; if respiratory than CO2 is greater than 45; if metabolic HCO3 is less than 26
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| 46) What are the s/s of alkalosis? | think excitable or irritated body systems; increased activity, anxiety, tetany, seizures, muscle twitching & cramping, increased HR, normal or low BP
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| What is metabolic acidosis? | acid build up in body is beyond its ability to neutralize, excess acid- diabetes mellitus & starvation - ketoacidosis; shock- lactic acidosis;
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| How is metabolic acidosis treated? | treat underlying cause; correct electrolyte imbalances & monitor for complications
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| What is respiratory acidosis? | excess CO2 builds up when lungs ability to blow off CO2 is impaired;
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| How is respiratory acidosis treated? | treat underlying cause; maintain patent airway, O2 therapy, pulmonary hygiene, ventillation support correct electrolyte imbalances & monitor for compliocations
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| What is metabolic alkalosis? | excess base builds up quicker or more than body can neutralize, loss of acid
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| How is metabolic alkalosis treated? | treat underlying cause; correct electrolyte imbalances & monitor for complications
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| What is respiratory alkalosis? | excessive loss of CO2 from lungs;
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| What causes metabolic acidosis? | renal impairment- kidneys lose ability to reabsorb HCO3 and secrete Hydrogen ions; prolonged diarrhea=loss of HCO3
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| What causes respiratory acidosis? | Anything that interferes with respiratory sufficiency & raises CO2 levels like pneumonia, atelectasis, COPD, aspiration, airway obstruction narcotic OD or overuse
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| What causes metabolic alkalosis? | vomiting, gastric suctioning, thiazide diuretics, excessive use of baking soda or antacids
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| What causes respiratory alkalosis? | extreme anxiety, sepsis, fever, mechanical ventilation
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| How is metabolic alkalosis treated? | treat underlying cause; correct electrolyte imbalances & monitor for complications
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