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Fluid & Electrolytes
Nursing review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1) Solvents move from ____________ concentration to ____________ concentration. | lower, higher |
| 2) _____________ is when water moves across permeable membrane in order to maintain equilibrium. | osmosis |
| 3) ____________ is when molecules moves across permeable membrane in order to maintain equilibrium. | diffusion |
| 4) What is fluid volume overload? | Excessive sodium intake & compromised regulatory system, possible from CHF, cirrhosis, or SIADH (endocrine) |
| 5) What can lead to hypervolemia (fluid volume overload)? | excessive sodium intake, |
| 6) What are the s/s of fluid volume overload? | pitting edema with tight shiny skin, weight gain, moist crackles, dyspnea, cough, bulging fontanels, JVD, headache, agitation, confusion, VS-increased BP,P, & Resp |
| 7) What nursing interventions would you implement for fluid volume overload? | low Na diet, fluid restrictions, monitor I&O, elevate affected extremities, elevate head of bed, Pt. education |
| 8) What is fluid volume deficit? | loss of water or sodium from vomiting, diarrhea, tubes, sweating, diuretics, or decreased intake from NPO status, dysphagia, |
| 9) What can lead to hypovolemia (fluid volume deficit)? | vomiting, diarrhea, decreased intake |
| 10) What are the s/s of fluid volume deficit? | concentrated urine, tachycardia, tachypnea, electrolyte imbalance, labs= increased Hct & BUN, dry skin & mucous membranes, weak, restless, confused, |
| 11) What nursing interventions would you implement for fluid volume deficit? | encourage fluids, oral care, skin care, manage vomiting & diarrhea, cover wounds, isotonic fluids, Pt. education |
| 12) What is the difference between isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solution? | hypotonic= less concentration of particles than plasma, isotonic= same concentration as plasma, htpertonic= higher concentratioin of particles than plasma |
| 13) What are the s/s of IV infiltration? | swelling at site, coolness, decreased flow rate, c/o discomfort. |
| 14) What is the purpose of IV fluids? | supply nutrients, fluids, meds; provide a line for dialysis; transfer blood products |
| 15) What is the normal serum calcium (Ca) level? | 8-10 mg/dL |
| 16) What is hypocalcaemia? | serum calcium level less than 8 mg/dL |
| 17) What are the s/s of hypocalcaemia? | irritability, confusion, muscle twitching & cramps, decreased BP & HR, diarrhea, positive for Chvostek's & Trousseau's signs |
| 18) What can cause hypocalcaemia? | poor intake of calcium or vitamin D, malabsorption from GI tract, hypoparathyroidism, renal failure |
| 19) What is the tx for hypocalcaemia? | administer appropriate calciumsalts or IV calcium chloride, encourage oral calcium & vitamin D intake |
| 20) What is hypercalcaemia? | serum calcium level greater than 1o mg/dL |
| 21) What are the s/s of hypercalcaemia? | weakness, constipation, anorexia, nausea, dehydration, bradycardia, increased BP & HR, confusiion, lethargy |
| 22) What can cause hypercalcaemia? | hyperparathyroidism, increased reabsorption from bone, bone destruction, malignancy, |
| 23) What is the tx for hypocalcaemia? | administer biphosphonates, decrease calcium & vitamin D intake, administer lasix,increase fluid intake |
| 24) What is the normal serum level of sodium? | 135-145 mEq/L |
| 25) What is hyponatremia? | serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L |
| 26) What are the s/s of hyponatremia? | nausea,vomiting, cramping, confusion, drowsiness, headache |
| 27) What can cause hyponatremia? | sweating, hemorrhage, hyperglycemia, diuretics |
| 28) What is the tx for hyponatremia? | fluid restriction, oral sodium supplements, increase dietary sodium, hypertonic IV solution |
| 29) What is hypernatremia? | serum sodium level higher than 145 mEq/L |
| 30) What are the s/s of hypernatremia? | thirt, dry sticky mucous membranes, decreased neural activity, lethargy, stupor, coma |
| 31) What can cause hypernatremia? | excessive salt intake, fever, diarrhea, fluid loss,renal failure |
| 32) What is the tx for hypernatremia? | sodium restrictions, IV fluids, |
| 33) What is the normal serum level of potassium? | 3.5-5.3 mEq/L |
| 34) What is hypokalemia? | serum potassium level lower than 3.5 mEq/L |
| 35) What are the s/s of hypokalemia? | cardiac dysrythmias, decreased GI motility, muscle weakness, |
| 36) What can cause hypokalemia? | alkalosis, vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic therapy, wound drainage, prolonged NG suctioning |
| 37) What is the tx for hypokalemia? | administer potassium, use potassium sparing diuretics, in crease vitamin k intake |
| 38) What is hyperkalemia? | serum potassium levels greater than 5.3 mEq/L |
| 39) What are the s/s of hyperkalemia? | irritability, confusion, anxiety, muscle twitches. diarrhea |
| 40) What can cause hyperkalemia? | salt substitutes, altered excretion, excessive salt intake, acidosis, severe tissue damage |
| 41) What is the tx for hyperkalemia? | administer kayexalate, dialysis oif extreme, |
| 47) How do you determine how long an IV will run? | divide the total number of millimeters by the hourly infusion |
| 42) What is the normal value of pH? | 7.35-7.45 |
| 43) What is the normal value of HCO3? | 22-26mEq/L |
| 44) What is the normal value of CO2 (PCO2)? | 35-45 mmHG |
| 45) What is acidosis? | blood pH less than 7.35; If respiratory- CO2 greater than 45, if metabolic- HCO3 less than 22. |
| What are the s/s of acidosis? | think depressed body systems; lethargy, flaccid paralysis, delayed electrical conduction, (resp. acid.-pale, cyonotic, rapid shallow breathing)(meta. acid- deep rapid breathing, warm flushed skin) |
| What is alkalosis? | blood ph is higher than 7.45; if respiratory than CO2 is greater than 45; if metabolic HCO3 is less than 26 |
| 46) What are the s/s of alkalosis? | think excitable or irritated body systems; increased activity, anxiety, tetany, seizures, muscle twitching & cramping, increased HR, normal or low BP |
| What is metabolic acidosis? | acid build up in body is beyond its ability to neutralize, excess acid- diabetes mellitus & starvation - ketoacidosis; shock- lactic acidosis; |
| How is metabolic acidosis treated? | treat underlying cause; correct electrolyte imbalances & monitor for complications |
| What is respiratory acidosis? | excess CO2 builds up when lungs ability to blow off CO2 is impaired; |
| How is respiratory acidosis treated? | treat underlying cause; maintain patent airway, O2 therapy, pulmonary hygiene, ventillation support correct electrolyte imbalances & monitor for compliocations |
| What is metabolic alkalosis? | excess base builds up quicker or more than body can neutralize, loss of acid |
| How is metabolic alkalosis treated? | treat underlying cause; correct electrolyte imbalances & monitor for complications |
| What is respiratory alkalosis? | excessive loss of CO2 from lungs; |
| What causes metabolic acidosis? | renal impairment- kidneys lose ability to reabsorb HCO3 and secrete Hydrogen ions; prolonged diarrhea=loss of HCO3 |
| What causes respiratory acidosis? | Anything that interferes with respiratory sufficiency & raises CO2 levels like pneumonia, atelectasis, COPD, aspiration, airway obstruction narcotic OD or overuse |
| What causes metabolic alkalosis? | vomiting, gastric suctioning, thiazide diuretics, excessive use of baking soda or antacids |
| What causes respiratory alkalosis? | extreme anxiety, sepsis, fever, mechanical ventilation |
| How is metabolic alkalosis treated? | treat underlying cause; correct electrolyte imbalances & monitor for complications |
Created by:
Pumba76
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