APES
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| First law of thermodynamics | Energy is neither created nor destroyed, may be converted from one form to another
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| Second law of thermodynamics | When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) entropy is increased
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| High quality energy | Organized and concentrated, able to perform useful work (ex. Oil and nuclear)
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| Low quality energy | Disorganized dispersed (ex. Heat)
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| Units of energy | joules, calories, kilocalories, BTU's, kilowatt-hours
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| Power | The rate of doing work
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| Units of power | Watts and kilowatts
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| Electromagnetic radiation | Form of energy, travel as waves - radio waves, IR, visible light, UV, gamma rays
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| Ionizing radiation | Has enough energy to knock electrons from atoms, forming ions and capable of doing damage to DNA
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| Radioactive decay | Unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha and beta particles
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| Half-life | Time it takes for 1/2 of the mass of a radioisotope to decay
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| Estimate of how long a radioisotope must be stored until it has decayed to a safe level | 10 half lives
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| Nuclear fission | Nuclei of isotopes are split apart into smaller nuclei; used in nuclear reactors.
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| Nuclear fusion | 2 isotopes of light elements are forced together at high temperatures; not technologically available now
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| Parts of hydrologic cycle | Evaporation (transpiration), condensation, precipitation
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| Fate of precipitation | Runoff or infiltration, percolation
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| Aquifer | Underground water bearing layer water table- upper surface of groundwater
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| Cone of depression | Lowering of water table around a pumping well
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| Salt water intrusion | Over pumping of groundwater near coast causes salt water to move into aquifer
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| Ways to conserve water | Agriculture - drip irrigation, industry - recycling, home use - fix leaks,use gray water, low flow fixtures.
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| Distribution of water on earth | 97% seawater, 2% in icecaps and glaciers, <1% in groundwater, surface, organism, and atmosphere
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| Carbon | Component of all organic molecules.
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| Largest reservoir of carbon | Sedimentary rocks, then ocean
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| Photosynthesis | Process by which plants convert CO2 to carbohydrates, removes C from the atmosphere
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| Cellular respiration | Organisms break down carbohydrates; releases energy, returns C to atmosphere.
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| Processes that release C back into the atmosphere | Cellular respiration and decomposition, fires, burning fossil fuels, volcanoes
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| Carbon-silicate cycle | Very slow, geological cycle, C in oceans used by marine organisms, end up in ocean sediments and are subducted into earth's crust, eventually returned through volcanic venting
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| Nitrogen | Component of proteins and amino acids
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| Largest reservoir of nitrogen | The atmosphere (78% N2). Producers cannot use nitrogen gas.
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| Nitrogen fixation | N2 is converted to ammonia NH3. Bacteria do this
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| Nitrification | Ammonia is converted to nitrite (NO2) to nitrate
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| Assimilation | Plants incorporate ammonia and nitrate ions into organic molecules (nucleic acids, amino acids )
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| Ammonification | Decomposer bacteria break down organic compounds into ammonia.
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| Denitrification | Specialized bacteria convert nitrogen compounds into N2 and N2O wich is released into the atmosphere.
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| Phosphorus | component of nucleic acids
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| P cycles more slowly | no gaseous phase, mostly found in rocks as PO4, released by weathering.
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| P | major limiting factor for plant growth.
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| Too much P in aquatic ecosystems | from animal wastes, fertilizers, sewage can cause eutrophication.
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| Earth is 4.5 billion years old | 1st cells appeared 3.5 billions years ago
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Created by:
danat214
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