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Energy
APES
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| First law of thermodynamics | Energy is neither created nor destroyed, may be converted from one form to another |
| Second law of thermodynamics | When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) entropy is increased |
| High quality energy | Organized and concentrated, able to perform useful work (ex. Oil and nuclear) |
| Low quality energy | Disorganized dispersed (ex. Heat) |
| Units of energy | joules, calories, kilocalories, BTU's, kilowatt-hours |
| Power | The rate of doing work |
| Units of power | Watts and kilowatts |
| Electromagnetic radiation | Form of energy, travel as waves - radio waves, IR, visible light, UV, gamma rays |
| Ionizing radiation | Has enough energy to knock electrons from atoms, forming ions and capable of doing damage to DNA |
| Radioactive decay | Unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha and beta particles |
| Half-life | Time it takes for 1/2 of the mass of a radioisotope to decay |
| Estimate of how long a radioisotope must be stored until it has decayed to a safe level | 10 half lives |
| Nuclear fission | Nuclei of isotopes are split apart into smaller nuclei; used in nuclear reactors. |
| Nuclear fusion | 2 isotopes of light elements are forced together at high temperatures; not technologically available now |
| Parts of hydrologic cycle | Evaporation (transpiration), condensation, precipitation |
| Fate of precipitation | Runoff or infiltration, percolation |
| Aquifer | Underground water bearing layer water table- upper surface of groundwater |
| Cone of depression | Lowering of water table around a pumping well |
| Salt water intrusion | Over pumping of groundwater near coast causes salt water to move into aquifer |
| Ways to conserve water | Agriculture - drip irrigation, industry - recycling, home use - fix leaks,use gray water, low flow fixtures. |
| Distribution of water on earth | 97% seawater, 2% in icecaps and glaciers, <1% in groundwater, surface, organism, and atmosphere |
| Carbon | Component of all organic molecules. |
| Largest reservoir of carbon | Sedimentary rocks, then ocean |
| Photosynthesis | Process by which plants convert CO2 to carbohydrates, removes C from the atmosphere |
| Cellular respiration | Organisms break down carbohydrates; releases energy, returns C to atmosphere. |
| Processes that release C back into the atmosphere | Cellular respiration and decomposition, fires, burning fossil fuels, volcanoes |
| Carbon-silicate cycle | Very slow, geological cycle, C in oceans used by marine organisms, end up in ocean sediments and are subducted into earth's crust, eventually returned through volcanic venting |
| Nitrogen | Component of proteins and amino acids |
| Largest reservoir of nitrogen | The atmosphere (78% N2). Producers cannot use nitrogen gas. |
| Nitrogen fixation | N2 is converted to ammonia NH3. Bacteria do this |
| Nitrification | Ammonia is converted to nitrite (NO2) to nitrate |
| Assimilation | Plants incorporate ammonia and nitrate ions into organic molecules (nucleic acids, amino acids ) |
| Ammonification | Decomposer bacteria break down organic compounds into ammonia. |
| Denitrification | Specialized bacteria convert nitrogen compounds into N2 and N2O wich is released into the atmosphere. |
| Phosphorus | component of nucleic acids |
| P cycles more slowly | no gaseous phase, mostly found in rocks as PO4, released by weathering. |
| P | major limiting factor for plant growth. |
| Too much P in aquatic ecosystems | from animal wastes, fertilizers, sewage can cause eutrophication. |
| Earth is 4.5 billion years old | 1st cells appeared 3.5 billions years ago |
Created by:
danat214
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