#srausaap
Help!
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| Socrates | Plato's teacher. Believed that mind was separate from the body. Knowledge is innate. Nature.
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| Aristotle | Derived principals from careful observation. Believed knowledge was NOT preexisting. Nurture
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| Descartes | Nature. Disected animals and said a fluid in brains cavities contained "animal spirits." Now called nerves.
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| John Locke | Nurture. Mind is a blank slate.
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| William Wundt | Measured "atoms of the mind." Birth of psychology.
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| William James | Studied functions of thoughts and feelings. Functionalist. Influenced by Darwin.
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| Edward Titchener | Introduced structuralism. Method was to gain insight through self-reflective introspection (looking inward).
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| Mary Calkins | First female in graduate seminar. Memory researcher. APA's first female president.
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| Margaret Washburn | First female psych PhD. 2nd female APA president. Wrote "the animal mind." Denied to join organization of experimental psychologists.
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| Confounding variable | A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect on an experiment.
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| Control group | The group that is not exposed to the treatment; serves as a comparison for evaluating effect of the treatment.
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| Correlational coefficient | Statistical index of the relationship between two things.
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| Normal curve | bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data.
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| Population | All cases in a group being studied where samples may be drawn.
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| Random sample | Sample that fairly represents a population because each member had equal chance of inclusion.
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| Statistical significance | How likely it is a result occurred by chance.
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| Action Potential | Neural impulse; breif electric charge that travels down an axon.
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| Adrenal glands | Pair of endocrine glands that sit above kidneys; help arouse body in times of stress.
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| Autonomic nervous system | Part of peripheral nervous system that controls muscles and internal organs. Hold the sypathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
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| Axon | The extension of a neuron; through the axon messages pass to other neurons or muscle glands.
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| Central Nervous System | The brain and spinal chord/
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| Dendrite | branchy extensions of a neuron that recieves messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body.
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| Endocrine system | "slow" chemical communication system. Set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
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| Endorphins | Neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure.
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| Motor neurons | Carry outgoing information from brain to muscles.
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| Mylin Sheath | Layer of fatty tissue encasing fibers of many neurons. Causes greater speed of neural impulses.
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| Nerves | Bundled axons connecting CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
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| Nervous system | All nerve cells and CNS.
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| Hormones | Chemical messages manufactured by endocrine glands. Travel through blood stream and effect other tissues.
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| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messages that cross synaptic gaps between neurons.
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| Parasympathetic nervous system | Calms the body and conserves energy.
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| Pituitary glad | Endocrines most influential gland. Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
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| Reuptake | Neurotransmitters reabsorbtion by the sending neuron.
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| Sensory neurons | Carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to brain and spinal chord.
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| Somatic nervous system | Division of peripheral nervous system that controls skeletal muscles.
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| Sympathetic nervous system | Division of ANS that arouses the body in stressful situations.
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| Synapse | Junction between axon tip of sending neuron and dendrite or cell body of recieving neuron. Tiny gap at junction called synaptic gap.
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| Threshold | Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
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| Amyygdala | Two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.
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| Aphasia | Impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage.
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| Association areas | Areas of the cerebral cortex not involved with priming or sensory functions; involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking.
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| Brainstem | Oldest part and central core of the brain. Responsible for automatic survival functions.
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| Broca's area | Controls language and expression; usually in left frontal lobe.
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| Cerebellum | Processes sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.
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| Cerebral cortex | Fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemisphere; ultimate control and information processing center.
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| Cognitive neuroscience | Interdiseiplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition.
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| Corpus Callosum | Large band of neural fibers connecting the 2 hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
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| Dual processing | Information is often simotaneously processed on separate concious and unconcious tracks.
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| EEG | Amplified recording of the waves of electric activity that sweep accross the brains surface. Measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
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| Frontal lobes | Portion of cerebral cortext just behind the forehead; involved in making plans and judgements.
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| fMRI | Show brain function.
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| Glial cells | Support, nurish, and protect neurons.
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| Hypothalamus | Directs maintenance activities.
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| After Image Effect | Continuing to see an image after it's left.
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| Availability Heuristic | Mental short-cut relying on readily available knowledge.
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| Misinformation Effect | Recall of memory becomes less accurate.
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| Optimistic Explanatory Style | Blaming others for negative events; believing events end soon.
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| Proactive Interference | Forgetting because of events that occurred prior to what you wanted to learn.
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| Drive Reduction Theory | A need creates a drive that motivates organism to satisfy the need.
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| Homeostasis | Maintaining a balanced and constant internal state.
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| Incentive | Positive or negative stimulus motivating behaviour.
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| Glucose | Sugar that circulates in blood to provide energy for body tissues.
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| Set Point | Where a persons "weight thermostat" is set.
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| Basal Metabolic Rate | The body's resting rate of energy expenditure.
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| Sexual Response Cycle | The four stages, excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
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| Refractory Period | The resting period after an orgasm.
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| Estrogens | Sex hormones contributing to femal sex characteristics.
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| Testosterone | Most important male sex hormone.
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| Sexual Orientation | Enduring sexual attraction toward a specific sex.
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| Emotion | Response to a whole organism; arousal, behaviour and experience.
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| James-Lange Theory | Responses caused by physiological responses to emotion - arousing stimuli.
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| Cannon-Bard Theory | Physiological response and emotion appear simultaneously.
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| Two-Factor Theory | Emotion caused by physically aroused and cognitively labelled.
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| Catharsis | Releasing aggressive energy, relieves aggressive urges.
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| Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenominon | Tendency yo be helpful when already in a good mood.
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| Adaption Level Phenomenon | Forming judgements based on prior experience.
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| Relative Deprivation | Thinking we're worse off than who we compare ourselves to.
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| Behavioral Medicine | Applying behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease.
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| Stress | How we precieve and respond to events.
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| General Adaptation Syndrome | Response to stress; alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
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| Type A | Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and anger-prone.
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| Type B | Term for easy-going, relaxed people.
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| Psychoneuroimmunology | How endocrine, neural, and psychological processes effect the immune system.
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| Lymphocytes | Blood cells apart of immune system.
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| ADHD | Extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
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| Medical model | Thought that psychological disorders are treatable via hospitals.
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| Anxiety Disorders | Distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors.
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| GAD | Person is continually tense, apprehensive, in a state of ANS arousal.
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| Panic Disorder | Unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of extreme panic.
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| Phobia | Persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of something.
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| OCD | Unwanted repetitive thoughts or/and actions.
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| PTSD | Haunting memories that last 4 weeks of more after traumatic experience.
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| Somatoform Disorder | Somatic symptom without physical cause.
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| Conversion Disorder | Very specific physical syptom with no physiological basis.
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| Hypochondriasis | Interpreting normal physical sensations as a disease.
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| Dissociative Disorders | Concious awareness becomes seperated from memories.
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| DID | A person has 2 or more distinct alternating personalities.
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| Mood Disorders | Characterized by emotional extremes.
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| Mania | Hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.
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| Bipolar Disorder | Alternating between depression and mania.
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| Schizophrenia | Disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions and inappropriate emotions.
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| Delusions | False beliefs. Often of persecution or grandeur.
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| Active Listening | Empathetic listening with echoes, restatements, and clarification.
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| Antianxiety Drugs | Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.
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| Antidepression Dtugs | Drugs used to treat depression and sometimes anxiety.
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| Antipsychotic Drugs | Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and forms of it.
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| Aversive COnditioning | Counter conditioning associating a Unpleasant State with a Unwanted Behavior.
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| Behavior Therapy | Learning principals to the elimination of Unwanted Behavior.
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| Biomedical Therapy | Prescribed medications acting on the nervous system.
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| Client-Centered Therapy | Humanistic therapy that is client-lead.
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| Cognitive Therapy | Teaching new ways of thinking and acting.
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| Cognitive-behavioral Therapy | Combining cognitive and behavioral therapy.
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| Counterconditioning | Evoking new responses to stimuli; exposure therapy and aversive conditioning.
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| Eclectic Approach | Using techniques from various forms of therapy.
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| Electroconvulsive Therapy | Electric current through depressed patient.
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| Evidence-Based Practice | Intregrating research, expertise, and preferences in decision-making.
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| Exposure Therapy | Exposing people to things they fear or avoid.
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| Family Therapy | Views unwanted behavior as influenced by a member of the family.
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| Insight Therapy | Increasing clients awareness underlying motives and defenses.
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| Interpretation | Dream meanings, resistances, promoting insight.
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| Lobotomy | Removal of a part of the brain.
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| Meta-Analysis | Combining results of many different research studies.
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| Psychoanalysis | Freud's theory to analyzing thoughts and unconcious motives.
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| Psychopharmacology | Effects of drugs on behavior and mind.
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| Psychodynamic Therapy | View individuals as responding to unconcious forces and childhood experiences.
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| Psychosurgery | Removing or destroying brain tissues to change behavior.
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| Psychotherapy | Treatment between therapist and person looking to ove4rcome a problem.
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| Regression Toward the Mean | Extreme of unusual scores falling back toward average.
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| Resilence | Personal strength helping most people cope with stress.
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| Resistence | Blocking from conciousness of anxiety-laden material.
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| Systematic Desensitization | Exposure therapy; pleasant, relaxed state with gradually at stimuli.
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| Tardire Dyskinesia | Involunary movement of facial muscles, tongue and limbs.
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| Token Economy | Exchanging tokens for desired behavior for treats/priveledges
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| Transference | Treating the threapist as someone close to you.
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| Unconditional Positive Regard | Seeing someone positively despite wrong doings.
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
sarahrausa