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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Socrates | Plato's teacher. Believed that mind was separate from the body. Knowledge is innate. Nature. |
| Aristotle | Derived principals from careful observation. Believed knowledge was NOT preexisting. Nurture |
| Descartes | Nature. Disected animals and said a fluid in brains cavities contained "animal spirits." Now called nerves. |
| John Locke | Nurture. Mind is a blank slate. |
| William Wundt | Measured "atoms of the mind." Birth of psychology. |
| William James | Studied functions of thoughts and feelings. Functionalist. Influenced by Darwin. |
| Edward Titchener | Introduced structuralism. Method was to gain insight through self-reflective introspection (looking inward). |
| Mary Calkins | First female in graduate seminar. Memory researcher. APA's first female president. |
| Margaret Washburn | First female psych PhD. 2nd female APA president. Wrote "the animal mind." Denied to join organization of experimental psychologists. |
| Confounding variable | A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect on an experiment. |
| Control group | The group that is not exposed to the treatment; serves as a comparison for evaluating effect of the treatment. |
| Correlational coefficient | Statistical index of the relationship between two things. |
| Normal curve | bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data. |
| Population | All cases in a group being studied where samples may be drawn. |
| Random sample | Sample that fairly represents a population because each member had equal chance of inclusion. |
| Statistical significance | How likely it is a result occurred by chance. |
| Action Potential | Neural impulse; breif electric charge that travels down an axon. |
| Adrenal glands | Pair of endocrine glands that sit above kidneys; help arouse body in times of stress. |
| Autonomic nervous system | Part of peripheral nervous system that controls muscles and internal organs. Hold the sypathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. |
| Axon | The extension of a neuron; through the axon messages pass to other neurons or muscle glands. |
| Central Nervous System | The brain and spinal chord/ |
| Dendrite | branchy extensions of a neuron that recieves messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body. |
| Endocrine system | "slow" chemical communication system. Set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
| Endorphins | Neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure. |
| Motor neurons | Carry outgoing information from brain to muscles. |
| Mylin Sheath | Layer of fatty tissue encasing fibers of many neurons. Causes greater speed of neural impulses. |
| Nerves | Bundled axons connecting CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs. |
| Nervous system | All nerve cells and CNS. |
| Hormones | Chemical messages manufactured by endocrine glands. Travel through blood stream and effect other tissues. |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messages that cross synaptic gaps between neurons. |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | Calms the body and conserves energy. |
| Pituitary glad | Endocrines most influential gland. Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. |
| Reuptake | Neurotransmitters reabsorbtion by the sending neuron. |
| Sensory neurons | Carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to brain and spinal chord. |
| Somatic nervous system | Division of peripheral nervous system that controls skeletal muscles. |
| Sympathetic nervous system | Division of ANS that arouses the body in stressful situations. |
| Synapse | Junction between axon tip of sending neuron and dendrite or cell body of recieving neuron. Tiny gap at junction called synaptic gap. |
| Threshold | Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. |
| Amyygdala | Two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion. |
| Aphasia | Impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage. |
| Association areas | Areas of the cerebral cortex not involved with priming or sensory functions; involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking. |
| Brainstem | Oldest part and central core of the brain. Responsible for automatic survival functions. |
| Broca's area | Controls language and expression; usually in left frontal lobe. |
| Cerebellum | Processes sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance. |
| Cerebral cortex | Fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemisphere; ultimate control and information processing center. |
| Cognitive neuroscience | Interdiseiplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition. |
| Corpus Callosum | Large band of neural fibers connecting the 2 hemispheres and carrying messages between them. |
| Dual processing | Information is often simotaneously processed on separate concious and unconcious tracks. |
| EEG | Amplified recording of the waves of electric activity that sweep accross the brains surface. Measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. |
| Frontal lobes | Portion of cerebral cortext just behind the forehead; involved in making plans and judgements. |
| fMRI | Show brain function. |
| Glial cells | Support, nurish, and protect neurons. |
| Hypothalamus | Directs maintenance activities. |
| After Image Effect | Continuing to see an image after it's left. |
| Availability Heuristic | Mental short-cut relying on readily available knowledge. |
| Misinformation Effect | Recall of memory becomes less accurate. |
| Optimistic Explanatory Style | Blaming others for negative events; believing events end soon. |
| Proactive Interference | Forgetting because of events that occurred prior to what you wanted to learn. |
| Drive Reduction Theory | A need creates a drive that motivates organism to satisfy the need. |
| Homeostasis | Maintaining a balanced and constant internal state. |
| Incentive | Positive or negative stimulus motivating behaviour. |
| Glucose | Sugar that circulates in blood to provide energy for body tissues. |
| Set Point | Where a persons "weight thermostat" is set. |
| Basal Metabolic Rate | The body's resting rate of energy expenditure. |
| Sexual Response Cycle | The four stages, excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. |
| Refractory Period | The resting period after an orgasm. |
| Estrogens | Sex hormones contributing to femal sex characteristics. |
| Testosterone | Most important male sex hormone. |
| Sexual Orientation | Enduring sexual attraction toward a specific sex. |
| Emotion | Response to a whole organism; arousal, behaviour and experience. |
| James-Lange Theory | Responses caused by physiological responses to emotion - arousing stimuli. |
| Cannon-Bard Theory | Physiological response and emotion appear simultaneously. |
| Two-Factor Theory | Emotion caused by physically aroused and cognitively labelled. |
| Catharsis | Releasing aggressive energy, relieves aggressive urges. |
| Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenominon | Tendency yo be helpful when already in a good mood. |
| Adaption Level Phenomenon | Forming judgements based on prior experience. |
| Relative Deprivation | Thinking we're worse off than who we compare ourselves to. |
| Behavioral Medicine | Applying behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease. |
| Stress | How we precieve and respond to events. |
| General Adaptation Syndrome | Response to stress; alarm, resistance, exhaustion. |
| Type A | Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and anger-prone. |
| Type B | Term for easy-going, relaxed people. |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | How endocrine, neural, and psychological processes effect the immune system. |
| Lymphocytes | Blood cells apart of immune system. |
| ADHD | Extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. |
| Medical model | Thought that psychological disorders are treatable via hospitals. |
| Anxiety Disorders | Distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors. |
| GAD | Person is continually tense, apprehensive, in a state of ANS arousal. |
| Panic Disorder | Unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of extreme panic. |
| Phobia | Persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of something. |
| OCD | Unwanted repetitive thoughts or/and actions. |
| PTSD | Haunting memories that last 4 weeks of more after traumatic experience. |
| Somatoform Disorder | Somatic symptom without physical cause. |
| Conversion Disorder | Very specific physical syptom with no physiological basis. |
| Hypochondriasis | Interpreting normal physical sensations as a disease. |
| Dissociative Disorders | Concious awareness becomes seperated from memories. |
| DID | A person has 2 or more distinct alternating personalities. |
| Mood Disorders | Characterized by emotional extremes. |
| Mania | Hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. |
| Bipolar Disorder | Alternating between depression and mania. |
| Schizophrenia | Disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions and inappropriate emotions. |
| Delusions | False beliefs. Often of persecution or grandeur. |
| Active Listening | Empathetic listening with echoes, restatements, and clarification. |
| Antianxiety Drugs | Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. |
| Antidepression Dtugs | Drugs used to treat depression and sometimes anxiety. |
| Antipsychotic Drugs | Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and forms of it. |
| Aversive COnditioning | Counter conditioning associating a Unpleasant State with a Unwanted Behavior. |
| Behavior Therapy | Learning principals to the elimination of Unwanted Behavior. |
| Biomedical Therapy | Prescribed medications acting on the nervous system. |
| Client-Centered Therapy | Humanistic therapy that is client-lead. |
| Cognitive Therapy | Teaching new ways of thinking and acting. |
| Cognitive-behavioral Therapy | Combining cognitive and behavioral therapy. |
| Counterconditioning | Evoking new responses to stimuli; exposure therapy and aversive conditioning. |
| Eclectic Approach | Using techniques from various forms of therapy. |
| Electroconvulsive Therapy | Electric current through depressed patient. |
| Evidence-Based Practice | Intregrating research, expertise, and preferences in decision-making. |
| Exposure Therapy | Exposing people to things they fear or avoid. |
| Family Therapy | Views unwanted behavior as influenced by a member of the family. |
| Insight Therapy | Increasing clients awareness underlying motives and defenses. |
| Interpretation | Dream meanings, resistances, promoting insight. |
| Lobotomy | Removal of a part of the brain. |
| Meta-Analysis | Combining results of many different research studies. |
| Psychoanalysis | Freud's theory to analyzing thoughts and unconcious motives. |
| Psychopharmacology | Effects of drugs on behavior and mind. |
| Psychodynamic Therapy | View individuals as responding to unconcious forces and childhood experiences. |
| Psychosurgery | Removing or destroying brain tissues to change behavior. |
| Psychotherapy | Treatment between therapist and person looking to ove4rcome a problem. |
| Regression Toward the Mean | Extreme of unusual scores falling back toward average. |
| Resilence | Personal strength helping most people cope with stress. |
| Resistence | Blocking from conciousness of anxiety-laden material. |
| Systematic Desensitization | Exposure therapy; pleasant, relaxed state with gradually at stimuli. |
| Tardire Dyskinesia | Involunary movement of facial muscles, tongue and limbs. |
| Token Economy | Exchanging tokens for desired behavior for treats/priveledges |
| Transference | Treating the threapist as someone close to you. |
| Unconditional Positive Regard | Seeing someone positively despite wrong doings. |
Created by:
sarahrausa