Chapter 1~ Psychology's History and Approaches
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| Empiricism | the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
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| Structuralism | early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
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| Experimental Psychology | the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
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| Social-Cultural Psychology | the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
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| Psychometrics | the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
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| Functionalism | school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
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| Levels of Analysis | the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
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| Psychiatry | branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
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| Socrates and Plato | Grecian philosophers who concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies, and that knowledge is innate- born within us
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| Edward Titchener | creator of structuralism and the idea of introspection
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| Aristotle | student of Plato who stated that knowledge is NOT preexisting; instead it grows from the experiences stored in our memories
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| Rene Descartes | agreed that knowledge is innate and is able to survive death; concluded that the fluid in the brain's cavities contained "animal spirits" which flowed from the brain, through the nerves, to the muscles, provoking movement
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| Wilhelm Wundt | German professor who aimed to measure the fastest and simplest mental processes, starting psychology's first experiment and opening the first labratory
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| William James | philosopher who used Darwin's principles of natural selection to create functionalism; thinking developed because it was adaptive
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