ch 17 oncology MEL
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| Alopecia | Loss of hair resulting from destruction of hair follicles |
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| Autologous | Something that has its origin within an individual | especially a factor present in tissues or fluids |
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| Benign | Not recurring or progressive; opposite of malignant |
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| Cachexia | General ill health and malnutrition marked by weakness and emaciation | usually associated with serious disease such as cancer |
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| Carcinogen | Substance known to increase the risk of development of cancer |
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| Carcinogenesis | Various factors that are possible origins of cancer |
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| Carcinoma | The term used for a malignant tumor composed of epithelial cells; it displays a tendency to metastasize |
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| Differentiated | Describes a tumor that is most like the parent tissue |
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| Immunosurveillance | The immune system's recognition and destruction of newly developed abnormal cells |
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| Leukopenia | abnormal decrease in the number of WBC to fewer than 5000 cells/MM 3 due to depression of the bone marrow |
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| Malignant | Growing worse, resisting treatment; said of cancerous growths. | tending or threatening to reduce death; harmful |
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| Metastasize | The process by which tumor cells are spread to distant parts of the body |
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| Neoplasm | Uncontrolled or abnormal growth of cells |
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| Oncology | The sum of knowledge regarding tumors | the branch of medicine that deals with the study of tumors |
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| Palliative | Designed to relieve pain and distress and to control the signs and symptoms of disease | not designed to produce a cure |
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| Papanicolaou's Test (PAPsmear) | A simple smear method of examining stained exfoliative cells | used most commonly to detect cancers of the cervix |
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| Sarcoma | Malignant tumor of connective tissues such as muscle or bone | usually presents as a painless swelling |
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| Stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth due to deconstruction abnormal cells of the oral cavity that may result from infection | infection by bacteria, viruses, or fungi from exposure to certain chemicals or drugs, vitamin deficiency, or systemic inflammatory disease |
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| Thrombocytopenia | An abnormal hematologic condition in which the number of platelets is reduced to fewer than 100,000/MM 3 |
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| Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) | Oncologic emergency that occurs with rapid lysis of malignant cells | most frequently associated with chemotherapy treatment |
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| Lung cancer | Leading cause of cancer related death in both men and women |
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| incisional biopsy | Removal of a portion of tissue for examination |
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| excisional biopsy | Is the removal of the complete lesion, with little or no margin of surrounding normal tissue removed |
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| Needle aspiration biopsy | The aspiration of fluid or tissue by means of needle |
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| endoscope | To directly visualize an internal structure through a body cavity or a small incision |
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| TNM classification system | T- tumor size | N-degree of regional spread to the lymph nodes | M- metastasis
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| CT computed tomography | Scan uses radiographs and computed scanning system to record images of specific structures at different angles |
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| Radioisotope | Studies require the injection or ingestion of a radioactive substance |
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| MRI magnetic resonance imaging | Radiofrequency energy waves produce signals that are processed by computer and displayed | no metal, jewelry, pacemaker, rods |
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| PET positive emission tomography | Radioactive chemical is given to patient | useful to visualize fast-growing tumors and to specify their anatomical location |
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| Alkaline phosphatase blood levels | Elevated if there is metastasis in the bone or liver |
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| Serum calcitonin levels | Is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland | level is increased in the blood of people who have cancer of the thyroid |
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| Guaiac test | Commonly used to detect OCCULT hidden blood in stools |
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| Radiation therapy | Can be used to cure or control cancer that has spread to local lymph nodes | to treat tumors that cannot be removed |
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| External radiation therapy | The specific area on the body is marked to indicate the port at which external radiation will be direct; do not wash off; do not use ointments lotions or powder; stay out of direct sunlight |
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| Internal radiation therapy | radioactive implant is the insertion of a sealed radioactive material temporarily or permanently into hollow cavities, within body tissues, or on the body's surface | uterus and vagina are natural receptacles for placement |
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| Internal radiation therapy 2 | Unsealed internal radiation is administered intravenously or orally | that it is distributed throughout the patient's body |
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| Chemotherapy | drugs are used to reduce the size or slow the growth of metastatic cancer |
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| Leukopenia - hematopoietic system | Reduction in the number of circulating WBCs due to depression of the bone marrow | common problem for patients receiving chemotherapy |
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| Neutropenia | Lack of neutrophils, the type of WBCs most often suppressed in the differential WBC count normal value 60% to 70% ; | the body's 1st line of defense collapses opening the way for pneumonia septicemia | or other overwhelming infections
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| Assessing the mouth | Stomatitis inflammation of oral mucosa, severe swallowing problems and systemic infections, lesions, ulcers, or white plaque | soft toothbrush no over-the-counter mouthwash |
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| Assessing the skin | A rash or eruption may indicate that the patient has an infection or is predisposed to 1, shave with electric razor | bacteria may flourish in skin folds such as groin and axillae |
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| Assessing pulmonary function | Change in lung sounds, respiratory rate and rhythm, breathing effort | perform deep breathing and coughing exercises and use of incentives spirometry |
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| Assessing urinary and bowel function | Neutropenic patient, assessment decreased urinary output, changes in the urine odor or color, hematuria, or glycosuria | reduce the risk of urinary tract infection avoid bladder catheterization |
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| Medical management | Neutropenia CSF - colony stimulating factors, actually prevent or manage neutropenia G-CSF- filgrastim, pegfilgrstim | GM-CSF= granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factors |
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| Anemia | Reduction of the number of circulating RBCs, hemoglobin, volume of packed RBCs(hematocrit) due to depression of the bone marrow |
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| Thrombocytopenia | Reduction in the number of circulating platelets due to depression of the bone marrow | use soft tb; no rectal meds, temps or enemas; use electric shaver; | avoid blowing nose forcefully a.k.a. picking; avoid trauma, falls, bumps, cuts, sports; avoid aspirin
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| Allogenic | marrow from a donor |
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| Syngenic | donor from identical twin |
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| Unrelated | donation from a non-relative |
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| Autologous | pts own , treated with chemo/radiation then re-infused |
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| obtaining donor marrow | anterior crest & sternum iliac crest; 600-2500 ml needed for transplant | given through IV transfusion bag, maybe be frozen up to 3 yrs |
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| Xerostomia | Decreased salivation |
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