Plant Vocab
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| primary root found in some plants that grows longer and thicker than other roots | taproot
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| part of a root system in which roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest | fibrous root
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| central region of a root that includes the vascular tissue - xylem and phloem | vascular cylinder
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| tiny projections from the outer surface, or epidermis, of roots | root hairs
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| tough structure that protects a root as it forces its way through the soil | root cap
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| type of plant growth that occurs at the tips of roots and shoots | primary growth
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| pattern of plant growth in which stems increase in width | secondary growth
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| group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots | apical meristem
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| group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased width | lateral meristem
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| lateral meristematic tissue that produces vascular tissues and increases the thickness of the stem over time | vascular cambium
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| lateral meristematic tissue that produces the outer covering of stems | cork cambium
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| older xylem near the center of a woody stem that no longer conducts water | heartwood
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| area in plants that surrounds heartwood and is active in fluid transport | sapwood
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| contains old, non-functioning phloem that protects the tree | cork
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| tree structure that includes all tissues outside the vascular cambium, including phloem, the cork cambium, and cork | bark
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| layers of xylem | wood
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| thin, flattened section of a plant leaf that collects sunlight | blade
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| thin stalk by which a leaf blade is attached to a stem | petiole
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| loss of water from a plant through its leaves | transpiration
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| specialized cell in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure | guard cell
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| opening in the underside of a leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf | stomata
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| first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed | cotyledon
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| food-rich tissue that nourishes a seedling as it grows | endosperm
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| early growth stage of a plant embryo | germination
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| the first leaf above the ground, forming a sheath around the stem tip | coleoptiles
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| wall of tissue surrounding an angiosperm seed | fruit
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| sperm cells in pollen fertilize the egg cells in the same flower | self-fertilization
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| the fertilization of an organism by fusion of an egg from one individual with a sperm or male gamete from a different individual | cross fertilization
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| flowering plant that completes a life cycle within one growing season | annual
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| flowering plant that completes its life cycle in two years | biennial
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| flowering plant that lives for more than two years | perennial
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