Genetics Chapter 13 Human Heredity
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| Clones | Genetically identical molecules, cells, or organisms all derived from single ancestor
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| Cloning | The production of identical copies of molecule, cells, or organisms from a single ancestor
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| Charles Steward | Grew individual carrot cells in the laboratory by using special nutrients
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| Callus | Ball of undifferentiated cells
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| Embryo splitting | After in vitro fertilization, early embryonic cells are divided and grown into clones
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| Nuclear transfer | Cell fusion, enucleated eggs are fused with embryonic adult cells and grow into clones.
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| First clone horsish | Mule, Horse is mother, Donkey is father
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| Problems with cloning | Viability, lifespan, genetic regulation, epigenetic regulation.
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| Molecular cloning | Technology was developed to clone segments of DNA molecules, based of restriction endonucleases, that recognize and cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
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| Recombinant DNA Technology | DNA that is created by combining two or more sequences that would not normally occur together
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| Things needed to clone DNA | A way to cut DNA at specific sites, a carrier molecule to hold DNA for cloning, a place where the DNA can be copied
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| Restriction enzymes | Bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites
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| Vectors | Self- replicating DNA molecules used to transfer foreign DNA segments between host cells (plasmids or engineered viral chromosomes)
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| Plasmids | used as vectors for cloning DNA
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| DNA ligase | Joins recombinant DNA molecules
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| Genomis library | A collection of clones that contain all the genetic information in an individual
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| Yeast artificial chromosome | Cloning vector with telomeres and a centromere, carries DNA fragments up to 1 million bases long, uses eukaryote yeast as a host cell
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| Probe | A labeled nucleic acid used to identify a complementary region in a clone of genome
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| PCR | A method for amplifying DNA segments using cycles of denaturation, annealing to primers, and DNA polymerase- directed synthesis
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| Mullis | Won Nobel Prize in 1993 for PCR, laser pointer story, LSD
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| Southern blotting |
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