Female assessment/Pregnancy/Child assessment/Head to toe
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| Skene's glands | Located on either side of the urethral meatus, produce mucus that is secreted through ducts
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| Bartholin's glands | Produce a clear lubricating mucus during intercourse
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| The ovaries produce | Estrogen and progesterone
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| The left testicle hangs lower than the right, because: | the left spermatic cord is longer
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| The epididymis is | a crescent shaped structure that is curved over the top of the testicle.
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| The walnut shaped prostate gland | lies below and behind the urinary bladder, surrounding the urethra.
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| The prostate gland secretes | thin, white, milky, alkaline ejaculation fluid that helps sperm viability.
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| Cryptorchidism and inguinal hernia are more common in: | preterm boys
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| Testicles enlarge between: | 9 and 13 years
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| The nipple and areola form between | 12 and 16 weeks
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| Pubic hair in girls develops between ages: | 8 to 13.5 years
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| Menarche occurs: | usually 2 years after the appearance of breast buds
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| Axillary hair in girls is usually: | 2 years after the onset of pubic hair
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| Menarche occurs in breast development Stage: | 3 or 4 usually around 12
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| Breast development is usually completed by: | age 16
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| Tanner stage 1-breast | pre-adolescent breast with only a small elevated nipple with no underlying breast tissue.
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| Tanner stage 2-breast | breast bud stage in which the breast and nipple elevate as a small mound, and the areola widens.
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| Tanner stage 3-breast | there is further enlargement of the breast and areola, and the areola becomes darker.
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| Tanner stage 4-breast | the areola and nipple form a secondary mound over the breast tissue.
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| Tanner stage 5-breast | is the mature breast
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| Tanner stage 1-boys | pre-adolescent, no pubic hair; penis and testes are same size and proportion as in childhood.
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| Tanner stage 2-boys | sparse pubic hair; slight enlargement of penis and testes.
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| Tanner stage 3-boys | darker, coarser pubic hair; further enlargement of penis and testes.
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| Tanner stage 4-boys | coarse and curly pubic hair covering more area; further enlargement of penis and testes.
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| Tanner stage 5-boys | hair spread to medial surface of the thighs and adult in quality and quantity; penis and testes reach adult size and proportion.
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| In boys, puberty typically begins between: | ages 9.3 and 13.5 years
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| Maturation from preadolescent boy to adult man usually lasts | 2-5 years
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| Trisomy 13 and 18 are associated with | hydronephrosis
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| Girls with Turner syndrome have | abnormally formed ovaries
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| Acanthosis nigricas in girls: | may indicate PCOS
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| Alopecia may indicate | hypothyroidism
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| Pediatric family history for girls ask: | maternal age at menarche, family hx. of dysmenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, or endometriosis, thyroid, Wilm's tumor, female cancer, PCOS
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| Pediatric family history for boys ask: | Wilm's tumor,cryptochidism, hypospadias, epispadias, testicular malignancy
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| Birth through school age-epidermis more loosely bound to the dermis: | easy blistering, susceptible to superficial bacterial infections, and more likely to have associated systemic symptoms with some skin infections
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| Birth to preschool age-eccrine glands | palmar sweating occurs; helps to assess pain in neonate
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| adolescents-apocrine glands | causes body odor
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| Birth until adolescence-melanin | affects assessment of skin color as child ages
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| Posterior fontanel | should be closed by 2 months
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| Anterior fontanel | should be closed by 12 to 18 months
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| Postnatal brain growth is completed by | age 1
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| Brain reaches 75% of adult size by | age 3
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| Brain reaches 90% of adult size by | age 6
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| Brain reaches adult size by | age 12
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| Infants can distinguish color by | age 8 months
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| Children are far-sighted until about | age 6-7 years
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| Short-wide Eustachian tube, lying in horizontal plane (birth until 2) | cannot easily drain fluid from middle ear and prone to middle ear infections
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| Pinna should be pulled down and back to perform otoscopic examination | birth to age 3
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| Pinna should be pulled up and back for otoscopic examination | age 3 years and older
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| Deciduous teeth should erupt between | ages 6 to 24 months
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| Delay in deciduous teeth may indicate | hypothyroidism or poor nutrition
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| Chest circumference should exceed head circumference | at age 2 years
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| Infants have only: of the total # of alveoli found in the adult lung | 10%
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| Birth to 10 years less lung volume, therefore: | higher respiratory rate
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| Beginning age 2 years: breath sounds loud and high in pitch, easily heard through thin chest wall, inhaled foreign bodoes easily aspirated into: | right bronchus, right is significantly shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left
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| Neonates corresponding ages | birth to 28 days
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| Infants corresponding ages | 1 month to 1 year
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| Toddlers corresponding ages | 1 to 3 years
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| Preschoolers corresponding ages | 3 to 6 years
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| School aged children corresponding ages | 6 to 12 years
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| Adolescents corresponding ages | 12 to 21 years
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| Pediatric GI system | prolonged gastric emptying affects absorption of nutrients and medications
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| Pediatric liver | occupies a larger part of abdominal cavity and is easily felt until school aged
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| Pediatric lymph system | at ages 10-12 lymph tissue reaches a maximum size of twice the normal adult size
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| Fetal hemoglobin | has a higher affinity for oxygen
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| Pediatric kidneys | top of right kidney ma be palpated, infant to preschoolers
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| Newborn until age 2 kidneys | cannot concentrate and dilute urine effectively
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| Fluid balance birth to age 2 | increased potential for insensible water los due to large body surface area
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| Pediatric thermoregulation | sweating and vasodilation mechanisms not fully developed making birth to 2 more prone to febrile seizures
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