DNA, genetics, and mieosis v. mitosis, biotech
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| a diploid cell that has 24 chromosomes per set undergoes meiosis. after meiosis, how many chromosomes does the cell contain? | 6
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| on the poles of the DNA ladder, there is a ___ bond between each sugar and phosphate | phosphodiester
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| DNA replication takes place in the ____ | nucleus
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| transcription takes place in the _____ | nucleus
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| translation takes place in the _____ on a _____ | cytoplasm; ribosome
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| the central dogma states that: DNA undergoes ______ to make _____ and this undergoes _____ to make _____ | transcription;mRNA;translation;protein
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| before transcription can begin, trancription factors must bind to what? | TATA box
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| a cross between a black cat and a white cat results in offspring that are silver. what pattern of inheritence is this? | incomplete dominence
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| a pink monkey mates with a black monkey. this results in a monkey with pink and black stripes .what pattern of inheritence is this? | codominence
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| father of genetics? | Gregor Mendel
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| what are the 7 main traits of the pea plant? | seed form, seed color, pod color, pod form, flower position, seed coat color, stem length
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| what is the law of independent assortment? | alleles for different traits segragate independently of one another
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| non-sex chromosomes are called? | autosomes
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| traits on the x chromosome are most likely to show in which gender and why? | in males because males have nothing to cover the allele up and females do.
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| human diploid? | 46
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| human haploid?and how did we get this number? | 23, because it is 1/2 of the diploid number
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| karyotype? | picture of chromosomes seperated by size.
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| step 1 in DNA replication | DNA-->DNA
5' leading strand 3' lagging strand
start with one double helix
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| step 2 in DNA replication | DNA helicase comes and splits the hydrogen bonds between the 2 base pairs so now there is 2 seprate strands of DNA
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| step 3 in DNA replication | now DNA polymerase comes and finds the match to make each identical base pair
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| step 4 in DNA replication | once you have each base pair you can make the backbone
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| step 5 in DNA replication | now DNA ligase comes and rebounds each of the base pairs to make 2 identical semi-conservative double helixes
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| step 1 in transcription | DNA--->RNA
the promoter comes and sits on the TATA box
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| step 2 in transcription | tRNA trancribes the genetic code into subunits
simply changes all the T's to U's and changes also to a single strand of RNA and only uses the 1st one.
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| step 1 in translation | RNA---> proteins
one strand comes out of the nucleus
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| step 2 of translation | cant tell which side is the head and which side is the tail so it adds a 5' cap so u know that's the head and a poly-A tail with 25-50 adenines in one tail.
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| step 3 in translation | before, when there is nothing happening they are unbonded and the small subunit sits on RNA strand
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| step 4 of translation | then once the 1st is translated, the large subunit comes and binds to the small subunit
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| step 5 of translation | one it reaches the stop codon it detaches the protein and it has made a protein
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| what are gametes and how are they created? | a gamete is a sex cell and is made during fertilization
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| what types of cells does meiosis create and how are they different from those created by mitosis? | creates gametes and meiosis has 2 phases while mitosis only has 1.
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| explain crossing over and when does it occur? | occurs when 2 chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis
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| explain non-disjunction. when does it occur? and what does it create? | non-disjunction is the adding or subtracting of an entire chromosome. it occurs in meiosis specifically in anaphse.
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| who discovered the structure of DNA | Watson and Crick
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| what is the structure of the DNA molecule called? what makes up the sides and steps of it? | the structure is a double-helix. the sides (backbone) are made of sugar and phosphate. the steps are made of nucleotides called: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
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| what are nucleotides and what are the 3 parts? | A,T,C,G. 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
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| what is a codon? | a triplet of nucleotides
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| list 2 ways DNA and RNA are different | (1)DNA has Thymine and RNA has instead of Thymine it has Uracil(2)DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded
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| define gene | a gene is what determines your physical traits.
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| what is the function of mRNA? tRNA? | mRNA carry the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome
tRNA transfers specific amino acids to the polypeptide chain during translation
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| where is the DNA located in an eukaryotic cell | nucleus
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| what is genetics? | study of heredity
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| who is the father of genetics? | Gregor Mendel
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| genotype? | allele combinations
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| phenotype? | physical characteristics
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| what is an allele? | one of several alternate forms of the same gene
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| why are punnett squares useful (what do they tell us) | they are used to predict different allele combinations of offspring between two individuals
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| what is incomplete dominance? | when a trait is not dominant over another and the colors blend
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| what is co-dominance? | when a trait is not dominant over another and both color show on the offspring.
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| what are multiple alleles? | sets of 2 or more genes.
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| what are sex-linked traits? | traits inherited on the sex chromosomes
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| list the human blood types and all the possible genotypes for each blood type. | type A-IAIA, IAi type B-IBIB, IBi
type AB- IAIB type O- ii
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| on which chromosome are most sex-linked traits found? | X-chromosome
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| what is a carrier? | a person who carries the disease but does not have it and is heterogeneous for the disease that is recessive
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| what are gametes? where do they go on a punnett square? | sex cells. go inside the boxes of a punnett square
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| what is a karyotype and how is it useful? | picture with number of chromosomes of one's cells and is used to see birth abnormalities and deaths in infants
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| what is a pedigree and how is it useful | is a family tree that tracks members with a certain trait and is used to see if you are at risk of inheriting a particular genetic disorder
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| mendal's law(segregation) | allele pair must segregatr during gamete formation
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| explain the role of meiosis in allowing for genetic variation. | the chromosome pairs crossover and switch pieces which is recombination and causes diversity
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| what is "crossing over"? | exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and happens during meiosis
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| what is nondisjunction | failure to separate when they should into daughter cells in division and can cause a genetic disorder
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| meiosis phases | interphase 1, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telephase 1, cytokinesis 1, interphase 2, prophase 2, meaphase 2, anaphase 2, telephase 2, cytokinesis 2
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| what are homologous chromosomes? | identical chromosomes that pair up during meiosis
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| gametes in males and woman | haploid 23 diploid 46
males have sperm and females have egg with 3 polor bodies
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| diploid v. haploid | di-2
hap-1
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| somatic v. gametes | somatic/body cells- mitosis
gametes/sex cells- meiosis
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| chromatid v. chromosome v. centromere | 2 strands of chromatid make a chromosome and the centromere is where the chromatid are held together
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| roles of centriole and spindle fibers | centrioles- are the parts of the cell that go to the end of the cell during prophase and form spindle fiber- are the fibers that attach to the chromosomes and pull them apart
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| term for gamete process | fertilization
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| what are the advantages of asexual and sexual reproduction | asexual- effective at cloning
sexual- uses 2 sources of information instead of 1 creating greater genetic diversity
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| which nitrogen bases belong to DNA and RNA | DNA:A,T,C,G
RNA:A,U,C,G
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| whats the structure of DNA and which scientists are credited for the discovery | double-helix. Watson and Crick (but Rosalind Franklin is the one that really discovered it)
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| what types of bond holds the nitrogen bases together?the backbone? | NB: hydrogen bonds
Backbone: phosphodiester
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| what are nucleotides? | consist of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and phosphate group
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| what are amino acids? | basic ingrediant needed to make a protein
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| what is a codon? | a sequence of 3 adjacent nucleotides
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| what is a peptide bond? | bonds of preoteins
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| what is an anticodon? | 3 adjacent nucleotides in tRNA thst bind to corresponding mRNA
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| what is mRNA? | carries information encoded in DNA out of nucleus to ribosome
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| what is tRNA? | transfers amino acids to the polypeptide chain on the ribosome
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| what is a mutation? | change in the cell's DNA
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| what could a mutation be caused by? | most are caused by an error in the duplication process
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| what are some types? | insertion, deletion, trans location, point, and frame-shift
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| some examples about how DNA technology can be used to aid in forensics, medicine, and agriculture. | some vaccines, all gene therapy drugs, in forensics for DNA fingerprinting, and in agriculture for selective breeding
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| what are restriction enzymes? | proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences
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| what is gel electrophoresis? | technique used in which molecules are forced across a gel by an electrical current
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| what is PCR? | polymerase chain reaction
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| recombinant DNA | a genome that carries a portion of DNA from another
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| what is a GMO? | organisms where genes from one organism are moved into the genome from another organism using restriction enzymes
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| explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes | a chromosome is a strand of DNA containing the genes
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| what is an allele? | a pair of different forms of 1 gene
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| what is genotype? | combinations of alleles to get traits
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| what is phenotype? | physical traits
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| what does it mean to be heterozygous? | when there is 2 different alleles for the same trait
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| what does it mean to be homozygous? | same alleles for that 1 trait
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| what does it mean to be recessive? | alleles represented with lower case letters
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| what does it mean to be dominant? | alleles represented with upper case letters
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| what is the law of dominance? | if you have a pair of genes and you have to give one to offspring it will most likely be the dominant allele
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| what is the law of segregation? | during production of gametes,alleles segregate to get one from each parent
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| what is the law of independent assortment | when 2 or more characteristics are inherited, heredity facors must segregate
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